Notes for Advanced Linux Programming - 1. Getting Started

最新推荐文章于 2012-02-09 17:56:30 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2012-02-09 17:56:30 发布

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文章标签：操作系统 c/c++

原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/forfuture1978/archive/2010/02/11/1667457.html

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1. Getting Started

1.1. Compiling with GCC

1.1.1. Create the source code files

(main.c) C source file—main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include “reciprocal.hpp”

int main (int argc, char **argv)

{

int i;

i = atoi (argv[1]);

printf (“The reciprocal of %d is %g\n”, i, reciprocal (i));

return 0;

}

(reciprocal.cpp) C++ source file—reciprocal.cpp

#include <cassert>

#include “reciprocal.hpp”

double reciprocal (int i) {

// I should be non-zero.

assert (i != 0);

return 1.0/i;

}

(reciprocal.hpp) Header file—reciprocal.hpp

#ifdef __cplusplus

extern “C” {

#endif

extern double reciprocal (int i);

#ifdef __cplusplus

}

#endif

1.1.2. Compiling a Single Source File

compile the main.c source file:

% gcc -c main.c

Compile the reciprocal.cpp source file:

% g++ -c reciprocal.cpp

The -I option is to tell GCC where to search for header files. By default, GCC looks in the current directory and in the directories where headers for the standard libraries are installed.

% g++ -c -I ../include reciprocal.cpp

If you want to define macros on the command line, use –D
If you want to turn off the assert check in reciprocal.cpp by defining the macro NDEBUG, you can simply define NDEBUG on the command line.

% g++ -c –D NDEBUG reciprocal.cpp

You can define NDEBUG to some particular value.

% g++ -c -D NDEBUG=3 reciprocal.cpp

You can let GCC optimize the code to a certain level.

% g++ -c -O2 reciprocal.cpp

1.1.3. Linking Object Files

You can use g++ to link a program that contains C++ code

% g++ -o reciprocal main.o reciprocal.o

If you need to link in another library, you have to specify the library with –l option.

For example, the Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) library is called libpam.a, to link in it,

% g++ -o reciprocal main.o reciprocal.o –lpam

The compiler automatically adds the lib prefix and .a suffix.

The linker looks for libraries in the /lib and /usr/lib directories that contain the standard system libraries. If you want the linker to search other directories as well, you should use the -L option.

% g++ -o reciprocal main.o reciprocal.o -L/usr/local/lib/pam –lpam

1.2 Automating the Process with GNU Make

Here' s what Makefile contains:

reciprocal: main.o reciprocal.o

g++ $(CFLAGS) -o reciprocal main.o reciprocal.o

main.o: main.c reciprocal.hpp

gcc $(CFLAGS) -c main.c

reciprocal.o: reciprocal.cpp reciprocal.hpp

g++ $(CFLAGS) -c reciprocal.cpp

clean:

rm -f *.o reciprocal

Targets are listed on the left, followed by a colon and then any dependencies.
The rule to build that target is on the next line.
The line with the rule on it must start with a Tab character
The $(CFLAGS) is a make variable.You can define this variable either in the Makefile itself or on the command line.

% make CFLAGS=-O2

gcc -O2 -c main.c

g++ -O2 -c reciprocal.cpp

g++ -O2 -o reciprocal main.o reciprocal.o