requests爬虫组件

网络爬虫(又被称为网页蜘蛛,网络机器人,在FOAF社区中间,更经常的称为网页追逐者),是一种按照一定的规则,自动地抓取万维网信息的程序或者脚本。另外一些不常使用的名字还有蚂蚁、自动索引、模拟程序或者蠕虫。

Requests

Python标准库中提供了:urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求,但是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作,甚至包括各种方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。

import urllib2
import json
import cookielib def urllib2_request(url, method="GET", cookie="", headers={}, data=None): """ :param url: 要请求的url :param cookie: 请求方式,GET、POST、DELETE、PUT.. :param cookie: 要传入的cookie,cookie= 'k1=v1;k1=v2' :param headers: 发送数据时携带的请求头,headers = {'ContentType':'application/json; charset=UTF-8'} :param data: 要发送的数据GET方式需要传入参数,data={'d1': 'v1'} :return: 返回元祖,响应的字符串内容 和 cookiejar对象 对于cookiejar对象,可以使用for循环访问: for item in cookiejar: print item.name,item.value """ if data: data = json.dumps(data) cookie_jar = cookielib.CookieJar() handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie_jar) opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler) opener.addheaders.append(['Cookie', 'k1=v1;k1=v2']) request = urllib2.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers) request.get_method = lambda: method response = opener.open(request) origin = response.read() return origin, cookie_jar # GET result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="GET") # POST result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="POST", data= {'k1': 'v1'}) # PUT result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="PUT", data= {'k1': 'v1'})
 

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,变得美好了许多,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、GET请求

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# 1、无参数实例
 
import requests
 
ret = requests.get( 'https://github.com/timeline.json' )
 
print ret.url
print ret.text
 
 
 
# 2、有参数实例
 
import requests
 
payload = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2' }
ret = requests.get( "http://httpbin.org/get" , params = payload)
 
print ret.url
print ret.text

向 https://github.com/timeline.json 发送一个GET请求,将请求和响应相关均封装在 ret 对象中。

2、POST请求

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# 1、基本POST实例
 
import requests
 
payload = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2' }
ret = requests.post( "http://httpbin.org/post" , data = payload)
 
print ret.text
 
 
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
 
import requests
import json
 
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = { 'some' : 'data' }
headers = { 'content-type' : 'application/json' }
 
ret = requests.post(url, data = json.dumps(payload), headers = headers)
 
print ret.text
print ret.cookies

向https://api.github.com/some/endpoint发送一个POST请求,将请求和相应相关的内容封装在 ret 对象中。

3、其他请求

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requests.get(url, params = None , * * kwargs)
requests.post(url, data = None , json = None , * * kwargs)
requests.put(url, data = None , * * kwargs)
requests.head(url, * * kwargs)
requests.delete(url, * * kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data = None , * * kwargs)
requests.options(url, * * kwargs)
 
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, * * kwargs)

requests模块已经将常用的Http请求方法为用户封装完成,用户直接调用其提供的相应方法即可,其中方法的所有参数有:


 
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.  with sessions.Session() as session: return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
 

更多requests模块相关的文档见:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/

自动登陆抽屉并点赞

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### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
 
i1 = requests.get(url = "http://dig.chouti.com/help/service" )
 
### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
     url = "http://dig.chouti.com/login" ,
     data = {
         'phone' : "86手机号" ,
         'password' : "密码" ,
         'oneMonth' : ""
     },
     cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
)
 
### 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可)
gpsd = i1.cookies.get_dict()[ 'gpsd' ]
i3 = requests.post(
     url = "http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523" ,
     cookies = { 'gpsd' : gpsd}
)
print (i3.text)

“破解”微信公众号

“破解”微信公众号其实就是使用Python代码自动实现【登陆公众号】->【获取观众用户】-> 【向关注用户发送消息】。

注:只能向48小时内有互动的粉丝主动推送消息

1、自动登陆

分析对于Web登陆页面,用户登陆验证时仅做了如下操作:

  • 登陆的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN
  • POST的数据为:

        {
             'username': 用户名,
             'pwd': 密码的MD5值,
             'imgcode': "", 
             'f': 'json'
        }
    注:imgcode是需要提供的验证码,默认无需验证码,只有在多次登陆未成功时,才需要用户提供验证码才能登陆

  • POST的请求头的Referer值,微信后台用次来检查是谁发送来的请求
  • 请求发送并登陆成功后,获取用户响应的cookie,以后操作其他页面时需要携带此cookie 
  • 请求发送并登陆成功后,获取用户相应的内容中的token
 
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
import requests
import time import hashlib def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { 'username': "用户名", 'pwd': _password("密码"), 'imgcode': "", 'f': 'json' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}) # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登陆成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0] print resp_text print token print resp_cookies_dict login()
 

登陆成功获取的相应内容如下:

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响应内容:
{ "base_resp" :{ "ret" : 0 , "err_msg" : "ok" }, "redirect_url" : "\/cgi-bin\/home?t=home\/index&lang=zh_CN&token=537908795" }
 
响应cookie:
{ 'data_bizuin' : '3016804678' , 'bizuin' : '3016804678' , 'data_ticket' : 'CaoX+QA0ZA9LRZ4YM3zZkvedyCY8mZi0XlLonPwvBGkX0/jY/FZgmGTq6xGuQk4H' , 'slave_user' : 'gh_5abeaed48d10' , 'slave_sid' : 'elNLbU1TZHRPWDNXSWdNc2FjckUxalM0Y000amtTamlJOUliSnRnWGRCdjFseV9uQkl5cUpHYkxqaGJNcERtYnM2WjdFT1pQckNwMFNfUW5fUzVZZnFlWGpSRFlVRF9obThtZlBwYnRIVGt6cnNGbUJsNTNIdTlIc2JJU29QM2FPaHZjcTcya0F6UWRhQkhO' }

2、访问其他页面获取用户信息

分析用户管理页面,通过Pyhton代码以Get方式访问此页面,分析响应到的 HTML 代码,从中获取用户信息:

  • 获取用户的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag?action=get_all_data&lang=zh_CN&token=登陆时获取的token
  • 发送GET请求时,需要携带登陆成功后获取的cookie
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    { 'data_bizuin' : '3016804678' , 'bizuin' : '3016804678' , 'data_ticket' : 'C4YM3zZ...
  • 获取当前请求的响应的html代码
  • 通过正则表达式获取html中的指定内容(Python的模块Beautiful Soup)
  • 获取html中每个用户的 data-fakeid属性,该值是用户的唯一标识,通过它可向用户推送消息
 
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
import requests
import time import hashlib import json import re LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {} def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { 'username': "用户名", 'pwd': _password("密码"), 'imgcode': "", 'f': 'json' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}) # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登陆成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0] return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict} def standard_user_list(content): content = re.sub('\s*', '', content) content = re.sub('\n*', '', content) data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0] data = data.strip() while True: temp = re.split('({)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break while True: temp = re.split('(,)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break data = re.sub('\*\d+', "", data) ret = json.loads(data) return ret def get_user_list(): login_dict = login() LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict) login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies'] res_user_list = requests.get( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag", params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']}, cookies = login_cookie_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'} ) user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text) for item in user_info['user_list']: print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],) get_user_list()
 

3、发送消息

分析给用户发送消息的页面,从网络请求中剖析得到发送消息的URL,从而使用Python代码发送消息:

  • 发送消息的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=登陆时获取的token放在此处&lang=zh_CN
  • 从登陆时相应的内容中获取:token和cookie
  • 从用户列表中获取某个用户唯一标识: fake_id
  • 封装消息,并发送POST请求
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    send_dict = {
         'token' : 登陆时获取的token,
         'lang' : "zh_CN" ,
         'f' : 'json' ,
         'ajax' : 1 ,
         'random' : "0.5322618900912392" ,
         'type' : 1 ,
         'content' : 要发送的内容,
         'tofakeid' : 用户列表中获取的用户的 ID ,
         'imgcode' : ''
    }
 
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
import requests
import time import hashlib import json import re LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {} def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { 'username': "用户名", 'pwd': _password("密码"), 'imgcode': "", 'f': 'json' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}) # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登陆成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0] return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict} def standard_user_list(content): content = re.sub('\s*', '', content) content = re.sub('\n*', '', content) data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0] data = data.strip() while True: temp = re.split('({)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break while True: temp = re.split('(,)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break data = re.sub('\*\d+', "", data) ret = json.loads(data) return ret def get_user_list(): login_dict = login() LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict) login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies'] res_user_list = requests.get( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag", params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']}, cookies = login_cookie_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'} ) user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text) for item in user_info['user_list']: print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],) def send_msg(user_fake_id, content='啥也没发'): login_dict = LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT token = login_dict['token'] login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies'] send_dict = { 'token': token, 'lang': "zh_CN", 'f': 'json', 'ajax': 1, 'random': "0.5322618900912392", 'type': 1, 'content': content, 'tofakeid': user_fake_id, 'imgcode': '' } send_url = "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=%s&lang=zh_CN" % (token,) message_list = requests.post( url=send_url, data=send_dict, cookies=login_cookie_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'} ) get_user_list() fake_id = raw_input('请输入用户ID:') content = raw_input('请输入消息内容:') send_msg(fake_id, content)
 

以上就是“破解”微信公众号的整个过程,通过Python代码实现了自动【登陆微信公众号平台】【获取用户列表】【指定用户发送消息】。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/wangyuxing/p/10028702.html

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