日期/时间格式/解析,Java 8样式

Java 几乎 开始以来,Java开发人员就通过java.util.Date类(自JDK 1.0起)和java.util.Calendar类(自JDK 1.1起 )来处理日期和时间。 在这段时间内,成千上万(甚至可能数百万)的Java开发人员已使用java.text.DateFormatjava.text.SimpleDateFormat格式化并解析了Java日期和时间。 鉴于多年来这样做的频率,不足为奇的是,有很多关于这些类的日期和时间的解析格式设置的 在线 示例教程 。 经典的Java教程在“ 格式化”课程Dates and Times )中介绍了这些java.utiljava.text类。 Java教程中新的Date Time轨迹涵盖了Java 8中有关日期和时间的新类,以及它们的格式解析 。 这篇文章提供了一些实际的例子。

在通过示例演示Java 8样式的日期/时间解析/格式化之前,先比较一下DateFormat / SimpleDateFormatDateTimeFormatter的Javadoc描述。 下表包含可从Javadoc的比较中直接或间接搜集到的每种区分格式信息的区分信息。 从此表中可能最重要的观察结果是,新的DateTimeFormatter是线程安全的且不可变的,并且DateTimeFormatter提供了用于解析和格式化日期和时间的API的概述。

特性 DateFormat / SimpleDateFormat DateTimeFormatter
目的 “以与语言无关的方式格式化和解析日期或时间” “用于打印和解析日期时间对象的格式化程序。”
主要用于 java.util.Date
java.util.Calendar
java.time.LocalDate
java.time.LocalTime
java.time.LocalDateTime java.time.OffsetTime java.time.OffsetDateTime java.time.ZonedDateTime java.time.Instant
线程安全 “日期格式不同步。” “此类是不可变的并且是线程安全的。”
直接格式化 格式(日期) 格式(TemporalAccessor)
直接解析 parse(String) 解析(CharSequence,TemporalQuery)
间接格式化 无[除非您使用Groovy的Date.format(String)扩展名] LocalDate.format(DateTimeFormatter)
LocalTime.format(DateTimeFormatter)
LocalDateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter) OffsetTime.format(DateTimeFormatter) OffsetDateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter) ZonedDateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter)
间接解析 无[除非您使用不推荐使用的Date.parse(String)或Groovy的Date.parse(String,String)扩展名] LocalDate.parse(CharSequence,DateTimeFormatter)
LocalTime.parse(CharSequence,DateTimeFormatter)
LocalDateTime.parse(CharSequence,DateTimeFormatter) OffsetTime.parse(CharSequence,DateTimeFormatter) OffsetDateTime.parse(CharSequence,DateTimeFormatter) ZonedDateTime.parse(CharSequence,DateTimeFormatter)
国际化 java.util.Locale java.util.Locale
时区 java.util.TimeZone java.time.ZoneId
java.time.ZoneOffset
预定义格式器 没有,但是为常见实例提供了静态便利方法:
getDateInstance()
getDateInstance(int) getDateInstance(int,Locale) getDateTimeInstance() getDateTimeInstance(int,int) getDateTimeInstance(int,int,Locale) getInstance() getTimeInstance() getTimeInstance(int) getTimeInstance(int,Locale)
ISO_LOCAL_DATE
ISO_LOCAL_TIME
ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME ISO_OFFSET_DATE ISO_OFFSET_TIME ISO_OFFSET_DATE_TIME ISO_ZONED_DATE_TIME BASIC_ISO_DATE ISO_DATE ISO_DATE_TIME ISO_ORDINAL_DATE ISO_INSTANT ISO_WEEK_DATE RFC_1123_DATE_TIME

本文的其余部分将使用示例来演示如何使用java.time构造在Java 8中格式化和解析日期。 这些示例将使用以下字符串模式和实例。

/** Pattern to use for String representation of Dates/Times. */
private final String dateTimeFormatPattern = "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss z";

/**
 * java.util.Date instance representing now that can
 * be formatted using SimpleDateFormat based on my
 * dateTimeFormatPattern field.
 */
private final Date now = new Date();

/**
 * java.time.ZonedDateTime instance representing now that can
 * be formatted using DateTimeFormatter based on my
 * dateTimeFormatPattern field.
 *
 * Note that ZonedDateTime needed to be used in this example
 * instead of java.time.LocalDateTime or java.time.OffsetDateTime
 * because there is zone information in the format provided by
 * my dateTimeFormatPattern field and attempting to have
 * DateTimeFormatter.format(TemporalAccessor) instantiated
 * with a format pattern that includes time zone details
 * will lead to DateTimeException for instances of
 * TemporalAccessor that do not have time zone information
 * (such as LocalDateTime and OffsetDateTime).
 */
private final ZonedDateTime now8 = ZonedDateTime.now();


/**
 * String that can be used by both SimpleDateFormat and
 * DateTimeFormatter to parse respective date/time instances
 * from this String.
 */
private final String dateTimeString = "2014/09/03 13:59:50 MDT";

在Java 8之前,用于日期和时间的标准Java方法是通过DateCalendar类,而用于解析和格式化日期的标准方法是通过DateFormatSimpleDateFormat 。 下一个代码清单演示了这些经典方法。

使用SimpleDateFormat格式化和解析Java日期

/**
 * Demonstrate presenting java.util.Date as String matching
 * provided pattern via use of SimpleDateFormat.
 */
public void demonstrateSimpleDateFormatFormatting()
{
   final DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat(dateTimeFormatPattern);
   final String nowString = format.format(now);
   out.println(
        "Date '" + now + "' formatted with SimpleDateFormat and '"
      + dateTimeFormatPattern + "': " + nowString);
}

/**
 * Demonstrate parsing a java.util.Date from a String
 * via SimpleDateFormat.
 */
public void demonstrateSimpleDateFormatParsing()
{
   final DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat(dateTimeFormatPattern);
   try
   {
      final Date parsedDate = format.parse(dateTimeString);
      out.println("'" + dateTimeString + "' is parsed with SimpleDateFormat as " + parsedDate);
   }
   // DateFormat.parse(String) throws a checked exception
   catch (ParseException parseException)
   {
      out.println(
           "ERROR: Unable to parse date/time String '"
         + dateTimeString + "' with pattern '"
         + dateTimeFormatPattern + "'.");
   }
}

在Java 8中,首选日期/时间类不再位于java.util包中,并且首选日期/时间处理类现在位于java.time包中。 类似地,首选的日期/时间格式/解析类不再位于java.text包中,而是来自java.time.format包。

java.time包提供了许多用于对日期和/或时间进行建模的类。 这些包括仅对日期建模(没有时间信息)的类,仅对时间建模(没有日期信息)的类,对日期和时间信息进行建模的类,使用时区信息的类以及不包含时区信息的类。 尽管类的特性(例如,是否支持日期或时间或时区信息)会影响可以应用的模式,但用于格式化和解析它们的方法通常是相似的。 在本文中,我将ZonedDateTime类用作示例。 选择该选项的原因是它包含日期,时间和时区信息,并允许我使用一个匹配模式,该模式涉及所有三个特征,例如DateCalendar实例。 这样可以更轻松地比较新旧方法。

DateTimeFormatter类提供了ofPattern方法,用于基于所提供的日期/时间模式String提供DateTimeFormatter的实例。 然后可以在该DateTimeFormatter实例上调用一种格式方法,以获取日期和/或时间信息,格式为与提供的模式匹配的String。 下一个代码清单说明了基于提供的模式从ZonedDateTime格式化String这种方法。

将ZonedDateTime格式化为字符串

/**
 * Demonstrate presenting ZonedDateTime as a String matching
 * provided pattern via DateTimeFormatter and its
 * ofPattern(String) method.
 */
public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatFormatting()
{
   final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
   final String nowString = formatter.format(now8);
   out.println(
        now8 + " formatted with DateTimeFormatter and '"
      + dateTimeFormatPattern + "': " + nowString);
}

根据模式从字符串中解析日期/时间类很容易完成。 有两种方法可以实现。 一种方法是将DateTimeFormatter的实例传递给静态ZonedDateTime.parse(CharSequence,DateTimeFormatter)方法,该方法返回从提供的字符序列派生并基于提供的模式的ZonedDateTime实例。 下一个代码清单对此进行了说明。

使用静态ZonedDateTime.parse方法从字符串解析ZonedDateTime

/**
 * Demonstrate parsing ZonedDateTime from provided String
 * via ZonedDateTime's parse(String, DateTimeFormatter) method.
 */
public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatParsingTemporalStaticMethod()
{
   final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
   final ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.parse(dateTimeString, formatter);
   out.println(
        "'" + dateTimeString
      + "' is parsed with DateTimeFormatter and ZonedDateTime.parse as "
      + zonedDateTime);
}

从字符串解析ZonedDateTime第二种方法是通过DateTimeFormatterparse(CharSequence,TemporalQuery <T>)方法。 在下面的代码清单中对此进行了说明,该清单也提供了演示Java 8 方法引用的用法的机会(请参见ZonedDateTime::from )。

使用DateTimeFormatter.parse方法从字符串解析ZonedDateTime

/**
 * Demonstrate parsing ZonedDateTime from String
 * via DateTimeFormatter.parse(String, TemporaryQuery)
 * with the Temple Query in this case being ZonedDateTime's
 * from(TemporalAccessor) used as a Java 8 method reference.
 */
public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatParsingMethodReference()
{
   final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
   final ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = formatter.parse(dateTimeString, ZonedDateTime::from);
   out.println(
        "'" + dateTimeString
      + "' is parsed with DateTimeFormatter and ZoneDateTime::from as "
      + zonedDateTime);
}

很少有项目能成为可以从Java 8开始的未开发项目。因此,将JDK 8之前的日期/时间类与JDK 8中引入的新日期/时间类联系起来的类很有帮助。这方面的一个示例是JDK 8的DateTimeFormatter通过DateTimeFormatter.toFormat()方法提供JDK 8之前的抽象Format类的降序实例的功能。 下一个代码清单对此进行了演示。

从JDK 8的DateTimeFormatter访问JDK 8之前的格式

/**
 * Demonstrate formatting ZonedDateTime via DateTimeFormatter,
 * but using implementation of Format.
 */
public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatAndFormatFormatting()
{
   final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
   final Format format = formatter.toFormat();
   final String nowString = format.format(now8);
   out.println(
        "ZonedDateTime " + now + " formatted with DateTimeFormatter/Format (and "
      + format.getClass().getCanonicalName() + ") and '"
      + dateTimeFormatPattern + "': " + nowString);
}

即时与两个前JDK 8工作时类是特别重要的DateCalendar结合类与JDK 8之所以引入新的日期和时间类Instant是如此重要的是, java.util.Date有方法从(即时)toInstant()分别Instant获取Date和从Date获取Instant 。 因为Instant在将Java 8之前的日期/时间处理迁移到Java 8基线非常重要,所以下一个代码清单演示了Instant实例的格式和解析。

格式化和解析Instant实例

/**
 * Demonstrate formatting and parsing an instance of Instant.
 */
public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatFormattingAndParsingInstant()
{
   // Instant instances don't have timezone information
   final Instant instant = now.toInstant();
   final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(
         dateTimeFormatPattern).withZone(ZoneId.systemDefault());
   final String formattedInstance = formatter.format(instant);
   out.println(
        "Instant " + instant + " formatted with DateTimeFormatter and '"
      + dateTimeFormatPattern + "' to '" + formattedInstance + "'");
   final Instant instant2 =
      formatter.parse(formattedInstance, ZonedDateTime::from).toInstant();
      out.println(formattedInstance + " parsed back to " + instant2);
}

为了完整起见,所有上述示例均来自下一个代码清单中显示的示例类。

DateFormatDemo.java

package dustin.examples.numberformatdemo;

import static java.lang.System.out;

import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.Format;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.Date;

/**
 * Demonstrates formatting dates as strings and parsing strings
 * into dates and times using pre-Java 8 (java.text.SimpleDateFormat)
 * and Java 8 (java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter) mechanisms.
 */
public class DateFormatDemo
{
   /** Pattern to use for String representation of Dates/Times. */
   private final String dateTimeFormatPattern = "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss z";

   /**
    * java.util.Date instance representing now that can
    * be formatted using SimpleDateFormat based on my
    * dateTimeFormatPattern field.
    */
   private final Date now = new Date();

   /**
    * java.time.ZonedDateTime instance representing now that can
    * be formatted using DateTimeFormatter based on my
    * dateTimeFormatPattern field.
    *
    * Note that ZonedDateTime needed to be used in this example
    * instead of java.time.LocalDateTime or java.time.OffsetDateTime
    * because there is zone information in the format provided by
    * my dateTimeFormatPattern field and attempting to have
    * DateTimeFormatter.format(TemporalAccessor) instantiated
    * with a format pattern that includes time zone details
    * will lead to DateTimeException for instances of
    * TemporalAccessor that do not have time zone information
    * (such as LocalDateTime and OffsetDateTime).
    */
   private final ZonedDateTime now8 = ZonedDateTime.now();


   /**
    * String that can be used by both SimpleDateFormat and
    * DateTimeFormatter to parse respective date/time instances
    * from this String.
    */
   private final String dateTimeString = "2014/09/03 13:59:50 MDT";

   /**
    * Demonstrate presenting java.util.Date as String matching
    * provided pattern via use of SimpleDateFormat.
    */
   public void demonstrateSimpleDateFormatFormatting()
   {
      final DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat(dateTimeFormatPattern);
      final String nowString = format.format(now);
      out.println(
           "Date '" + now + "' formatted with SimpleDateFormat and '"
         + dateTimeFormatPattern + "': " + nowString);
   }

   /**
    * Demonstrate parsing a java.util.Date from a String
    * via SimpleDateFormat.
    */
   public void demonstrateSimpleDateFormatParsing()
   {
      final DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat(dateTimeFormatPattern);
      try
      {
         final Date parsedDate = format.parse(dateTimeString);
         out.println("'" + dateTimeString + "' is parsed with SimpleDateFormat as " + parsedDate);
      }
      // DateFormat.parse(String) throws a checked exception
      catch (ParseException parseException)
      {
         out.println(
              "ERROR: Unable to parse date/time String '"
            + dateTimeString + "' with pattern '"
            + dateTimeFormatPattern + "'.");
      }
   }

   /**
    * Demonstrate presenting ZonedDateTime as a String matching
    * provided pattern via DateTimeFormatter and its
    * ofPattern(String) method.
    */
   public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatFormatting()
   {
      final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
         DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
      final String nowString = formatter.format(now8);
      out.println(
           now8 + " formatted with DateTimeFormatter and '"
         + dateTimeFormatPattern + "': " + nowString);
   }

   /**
    * Demonstrate parsing ZonedDateTime from provided String
    * via ZonedDateTime's parse(String, DateTimeFormatter) method.
    */
   public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatParsingTemporalStaticMethod()
   {
      final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
         DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
      final ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.parse(dateTimeString, formatter);
      out.println(
           "'" + dateTimeString
         + "' is parsed with DateTimeFormatter and ZonedDateTime.parse as "
         + zonedDateTime);
   }

   /**
    * Demonstrate parsing ZonedDateTime from String
    * via DateTimeFormatter.parse(String, TemporaryQuery)
    * with the Temple Query in this case being ZonedDateTime's
    * from(TemporalAccessor) used as a Java 8 method reference.
    */
   public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatParsingMethodReference()
   {
      final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
         DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
      final ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = formatter.parse(dateTimeString, ZonedDateTime::from);
      out.println(
           "'" + dateTimeString
         + "' is parsed with DateTimeFormatter and ZoneDateTime::from as "
         + zonedDateTime);
   }

   /**
    * Demonstrate formatting ZonedDateTime via DateTimeFormatter,
    * but using implementation of Format.
    */
   public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatAndFormatFormatting()
   {
      final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
         DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(dateTimeFormatPattern);
      final Format format = formatter.toFormat();
      final String nowString = format.format(now8);
      out.println(
           "ZonedDateTime " + now + " formatted with DateTimeFormatter/Format (and "
         + format.getClass().getCanonicalName() + ") and '"
         + dateTimeFormatPattern + "': " + nowString);
   }

   /**
    * Demonstrate formatting and parsing an instance of Instant.
    */
   public void demonstrateDateTimeFormatFormattingAndParsingInstant()
   {
      // Instant instances don't have timezone information
      final Instant instant = now.toInstant();
      final DateTimeFormatter formatter =
         DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(
            dateTimeFormatPattern).withZone(ZoneId.systemDefault());
      final String formattedInstance = formatter.format(instant);
      out.println(
           "Instant " + instant + " formatted with DateTimeFormatter and '"
         + dateTimeFormatPattern + "' to '" + formattedInstance + "'");
      final Instant instant2 =
         formatter.parse(formattedInstance, ZonedDateTime::from).toInstant();
      out.println(formattedInstance + " parsed back to " + instant2);
   }

   /**
    * Demonstrate java.text.SimpleDateFormat and
    * java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter.
    *
    * @param arguments Command-line arguments; none anticipated.
    */
   public static void main(final String[] arguments)
   {
      final DateFormatDemo demo = new DateFormatDemo();
      out.print("\n1: ");
      demo.demonstrateSimpleDateFormatFormatting();
      out.print("\n2: ");
      demo.demonstrateSimpleDateFormatParsing();
      out.print("\n3: ");
      demo.demonstrateDateTimeFormatFormatting();
      out.print("\n4: ");
      demo.demonstrateDateTimeFormatParsingTemporalStaticMethod();
      out.print("\n5: ");
      demo.demonstrateDateTimeFormatParsingMethodReference();
      out.print("\n6: ");
      demo.demonstrateDateTimeFormatAndFormatFormatting();
      out.print("\n7: ");
      demo.demonstrateDateTimeFormatFormattingAndParsingInstant();
   }
}

下一个屏幕快照中显示了运行上述演示的输出。

jdk8DateTimeFormattingDemonstrationOutput

结论

与JDK 8之前的版本相比,JDK 8日期/时间类以及相关的格式和解析类更易于使用。 这篇文章试图演示如何应用这些新类并利用它们的某些优点。

翻译自: https://www.javacodegeeks.com/2014/09/datetime-formattingparsing-java-8-style.html

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