Chapter 30 Web and Technology and DBMSs
chapter objectives /*本章目标*/
In this chapter you will learn: /*在本章中，你将会学到*/
- The basics of the Internet, web, HTTP, URLs and Web services. /*Internet, Web, Http, URLs 和 web 服务 的基础。*/
- The advantages and disadvantages of the web as a database platform. /*web作为数据库平台的优点和缺点*/ Approaches for integrating databases into the web environment:/*集成数据库成为web环境的方法*/
- scripting languages ( JavaScrip, VBscript, PHP, and Perl); /*脚本语言( JavaScrip, VBscript, PHP, and Perl)*/
- common Gateway Interface (CGI);/*通用网关接口*/
- HTTP cookies; /* */
- extending the web server; /*网页服务的扩展*/
- Java, JEE, JDBC, SQLJ,CMP,JDO,JPA,Servlets, and JavaServer Pages(JSP);/**/
- Microsoft Web Platform: .Net, Active Server Pages（ASP）, and ActiveX Data Objects (ADO);/*微软的网页平台：.Net, Active Server Pages（ASP）, and ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)*/
- Oracle Internet Platform/*Oracle 网络平台*/
Just over two decade after its conception in 1989, the world wide web (the Web for short) is the most popular and powerful networked information system to date .
@ 1. decade/'dekeid/ n. a period of ten years. 十年期间；十年；@
/* 在1989年它的概念生成后的20年以上， www (网页的缩写)是迄今为至最流行和网络功能最强大的信息系统。*/
Its growth in the past few years has been near exponential and it has started an information revolution that will continue through the next decade.
@2. exponention /,ekspənenʃə/ adj. technical using a sign that shows how many times a number is to be multipled by itself. (术语)指数的；含有指数的； @
/*在过去几年里，它的发展已经将近指数值， 并且 开始了一场信息革命， 那将持续到下一个十年*/
Now the combination of the web and database brings many new opportunities for creating advanced database application.
/*现在， 数据库和网页的结合催生了许多新的机遇，针对创建高级数据库应用程序。*/
The web is compelling platform for the delivery and dis-semination of data-centric, interactive applications.
@3. compelling /,kəm'peliŋ/ adj. extremely interesing or exciting 极为有趣的，令人激动的@
@4. dis-semination /di,semiə'neiʃən/ n. formal to spread information, ideas etc to as many people as possible, especiallly in order to influence them (正式)（尤指为了影响他人而）散步，广泛传播（消息，观点等）@
@5. delivery /di'livəri/ n. the act or process of bringing goods, letters etc. to the person or place they have been sent to 送货；送信；交付@
/*网页是一个令人激动的平台，对于物流和信息中心的传播， 以及应用程序的交互。*/
The web's ubiquity provides global application availability to both users and organizations.
@6. ubiquity /ju:'bikwiətəs/ adj. formal or humorous seeming to be everywhere (正式或幽默)普遍存在的；无处不在的@
/*无处不在的网页提供了一个对于用户和组织全球可用的应用程序。*/
Because the architecture of the web has been designed to be a platform-independent, it has the potential to significantly lower deployment and training costs
@7. potential /pə'tenʃə/n. the possibility that something will develop in a certain way, or have a particular effect. 可能性；潜在性@
@8. deploy /di'plɔ:/ v. to organize people or things, especially soldiers, military equipment etc., so that they are in the right place and ready to be used 部署， 调动（尤指士兵、军事装备）@
/*由于网页架构已经被设计为多独立的平台，对于低的部署和培训成本，它具有潜在性。*/
Organizations are now rapidly building new database applications or reegineering existing ones to take advantages of web as a strategic platform for implementing innovative business solutions, in effect becoming Web-centric organizations .
@9.innovative /'inə,veitiv/ adj. an innovative process, method, plan etc is new, different, and better than those that existed before(程序，方法，计划)新颖的，有创新精神的；using clever new ideas and method 运用新观念和新方法的@
@10. strategic /strə'tidʒik/ adjd. done as part of a plan, especially in a military, business, or politial situation 战略上的；策略上的@
/*现在，公司正在快速构建新的数据库应用程序， 或者为了实现新的商务方案，采取网页优势作为策略平台，重新架构已经存在的数据库应用程序， 在效应上已经变成了以网页为中心的公司。 */
Transcending its root in government agencies and educational institutious, the Internet (of which the web forms a part) has become the most siginificant new medium for communication between and among organization, educational and government institutions and individuals.
@11. trancend /træn'send/ v. formal to go above or beyond the limits of something (正式)超越；超过；超出； @
@12. root /ru:t / n. = cause of a problem 问题的起因= the main cause of a problem (问题的)根源， 起因@
@13. medium /'mi:diəm/ adj. a way of communicating information and news to people 传播媒介（如报纸、电视等）@
/*超出了因特网政府机构和教育研究所的根源，Internet (网页形成了一部分)已经成为最重要的新媒介， 对于公司，教育和政府机构，以及个人之间的通讯。*/
Growth of the Internet and corporate intranets/extranets will continue at a rapid pace through the next decade, leading a global inter-connectedness on a scale unprecedented in the history of computing.
@14. pace /peis/ n. keep pace (with) to move or change as fast as someone or something else (与...)并驾齐驱；齐头并进；跟上... @
@15. unprecedented /ʌnpresiədentiəd/ adj. never having happened before, or neve happen so much. 空前的；前所未有的；@
/*Internet 和 公司的 intranets/extranets 在下一个十年内将继续同步进行，在整计算机历史上，引领了一场规模空前的全球交互连接。 */
Many Web sites today are file-based; each Web document is stored in a separate file
/*今天， 许多网页是基于文件形式，每一个网页文档被存储在一个分隔的文件内。*/
For small Web sites, this approach is not too much of a problem. /*对于小型网站，这种方式不是一个太大的问题。*/
However, for a large site, this method can lead to significant management problem. /*无论如何，对于一个大型网站，这种方法可能导致极为重要的管理问题。*/
For example, maintaining current copies of hundreds or hundreds of different documents in separent files is difficult enough, but maintaining links between these files ie even more formidable, particularly when the documents are created and maintained by different authors.
@16. formidable /'fɔ:miədəbəl/ adj. a formidable person etc. is one that you feel respect for because they are very powerful, or impressive, 令人敬畏的，令人惊叹的；杰出的；different to deal with and needing a lot of effort or skill 难对付的；@
/*例如，在一个分隔的文件中，维护成百上千的不同文档是足够困难的，但是维护这些文件之间的链接也有少许难以对付， 特别是这些文件的制作和维护被不同的作者。*/
A second problem stem from the fact that many web sites now contain more information of a dynamic nature，such as product and pricing information.
@17. stem / 'steim/ vt. stem from (T not in progressive 不用于进行时态) to develop as a result of something else 源于...; 来自...; @
/*另一个问题来自于这样的事实：许多的网址包含有更多的信息是动态的, 例如产品和价格信息。*/
Maintaining such information in both a database and in separate HTML files (see section 30.2.2) can be an enormous task, and difficult to keep synchronized.
@18.synchronize / ,siŋkrənaiz/ v. to arrange for two or more actions to happen at exactly the same time. 使同步；使同时发生； @
@19. enormous /i'nɔməs/ adj. 巨大的；庞大的； @
/* 在数据库中和分隔的HTML 文件中，维护诸如此类信息，可能是一个庞大的任务，也是很难去保持同步的。*/
For these and other reasons, the approach of allowing databases to be accessed directly from the Web is increasingly being adopted for the management of dynamic web content.
/*对于这些和其它的原因， 允许从Web 直接读取数据库的方式是增加了被采用率对于动态网页内容的管理。*/
The storage of Web information in a database can replace or complement file storage.
@replace vt. 取代；complement vt. 补充；补足；@
/*储存在数据库中的Web信息，可能取代或者补充文件存储。*/
The aim of this chapter is to examine some of the current technologies for Web-DBMS integration to give a flavor of what is available.
@20.flavor /'fleivə/ n. a quality or feature that makes something have a particular style or character 特色，特点@
/*本章的目标是学习一些实时技术（网页数据库管理系统集成所给予的可用特性。）*/
A full discussion of these technologies is beyond the scope of this book, but the interested reader is reeferred to the additional reading material cited for this chapter at the end of the book .
@21. cite /sait/ v. to give the exact words of something that has been written in order to support an opinionor prove an idea. 引用；引述； @
/*这些技术的充足讨论是超出了本书的范围，但是感兴趣的读者可以参考在本书后关于本章的额外阅读材料。*/
Structure of this Chapter /*本章架构*/
In section 30.1 and 30.2 we provide a brief introduction to Internet and Web technology and examine the appropriateness of the Web as a database application platform.
/*在30.1和30.2节中， 我们提供了一个简短的介绍关于Internet 和 Web 技术， 并且学习作为数据库应用程序平台的Web的适应性*/
In Section 30.3 to 30.9 we examine some of the different approaches to integrating databases into the Web environment.
/*在30.3 到30.9节之间，我们学习一些集成数据库形成网页平台的不同方式。*/
The examples in this chapter are once again drawn from the DreamHome case study documented in section 11.4 and Appendix A.
/*本章示例又一次引用 DreamHome Case 学习文档在11.4节和附录A.*/
To limit the exent of this chapter, we have placed lengthy examples in Appendix L .
/*为了限制本章的范围， 在附录L中，我们设置了示例的长度。*/
In some sections we refer to the extensible Markup Language (XML) and its related technologies, but in the main we defer discussion of these until the next chapter.
@21. defer /'difæ/ v. to delay something until a later date. 延期， 推迟；@
/*在一些章节中，我们推荐XML 和相关技术，但是直到下一章，我们在主体部分才开始讨论。*/
However, the reader should note the important role that XML now has in the web environment.
/*无论如何， 读者应该记住：现在，XML 在web环境中的重要角色。*/
30.1 Introduction to the Internet and the Web
Internet A worldwide collection of inter-connected computer networks.
/* Internet 世界范围内交互连结的计算机网络的集合。*/
The Internet is made up of many separate but inter-connected networks belonging to commerical, educational, and government organizations and Internet Service Provides（ISPs）.
/*Internet 是由许多单独而属于商业、教育、和政府部门和Internet服务供应商相互网络连结而成。*/
The services offered on the Internet include electronic mail (email), conferencing and collaboration services, as well as the ability to access remote computers and send and receive files.
@22.conference /kɔnfərəns/ n. a large formal meeting where a lot of people discuss important matters such as business or politics, especially for serveral day. 会议（指很多人参加讨论重要事宜的大型会议，尤指历时数天的会议）@
@23.collaboration /kə,læbə'reiʃən/ n. the act of working together with another person or group to achieve something, especially in Science or art (尤指在科学或艺术方面的)合作、协作；@
/*在Internet上，提供的服务包括：电子邮件，大型会议和服务结盟， 还有能力去读取远程计算机的能力或者发送和接收文件。*/
It began in the late 1960s and early 1970s as an experimental US Department of Defense project called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) investigating how to build networks that could withstand partical outages (like nuclear bomb attacks) and still survive.
@24. experimental /[ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl/ n. 实验性的@
@25. defence / di'fens/ n. all the armies and weapons that are available to defense a place 防御力量；@
@26. investigate /in'vestiəgeit/ v. to try to find out the truth about something such as a crime, accident or scientific problem 调查；审查； @
@27. outage /'autidʒ/ n. a period when a service such as the electricty supply is not provided (电力等的)断供期； @
@28. withstand /wið'stænd/ v. to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such as great heat or cold, great pressure etc. 耐得住（酷热、严寒、高压等）承受住@
@29. partial /'pa:ʃəl/ adj. not complete 部分的；不完全的；@
/*它开始于20世纪60年代末和70年代初，作为一项被称作ARPANET（高级研究计划署）的美国防御工程部实验性调查： 怎样去构建网络，可以承受部分电力断供期（像原子弹袭击）而且还能生存。*/
In 1982, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol ) was adopted as the standard communications protocols for ARPANET.
/* 在1982年， TCP/ IP ( 传输控制协议/ 因特网协议)被用作标准通信协议对于ARPANET*/
Tcp is responsible for ensuring correct delivery of messages that move from one computer to another.
/*TCP 是对于确实信息从一台电脑传到另一台电脑正确传递是负责任的。*/
IP manages the sending and reeiving of packets of data between machines, based on a four-byte destination address (the IP number), which is assigned to an organization by the Internet authorities.
/*IP 管理机器之间的数据包发送和接收，基于一个4字节的目标地址（IP号），那被Internet 授权组织管理。*/
The term TCP/IP sometimes refers to the entire Internet suite of protocols that are commonly run on TCP/IP, such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), Telnet(Tele-communication Network), DNS(Domain Name Service), POP (Post office Protocol), and so on.
/*TCP/IP 词汇有时参考为所有Internet的协议族， 它们通常运行TCP/IP, 例如： FTP (文件传输协议)，SMTP(简单邮件传输协议)，Telnrt (网络远程登陆)， DNS (域名服务)，POP(邮件办公服务)， 等等。*/
In the process of developing this technology, the military forged strong links with large corporations and universities.
@30. forge/fɔ:dʒ/ vt. forge a relationship/ alliance/ links etc. to develop a strong relationship with other group or other copubntries (与它的国家或团体)建立关系、结盟、建立联系等@
/*在开发这项技术的协程中， 军方建立强有力的链接和大的公司和大学。*/
As s result, responsibility for the continuing research shifted to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and, in 1986, NSFNET (National Science Foundation NETwork) was created, forming the new backbone of the network.
@backbone /'bækbəun/ n. the backbone of = the most important part of an organization, set of ideas etc. 骨干，支柱，主力， 中坚；@
/*导致这样的结果， 继续研究的责任上升为国家科学基金会， 并且，在1986年， NSFNET (国家科学基金网络)已经被建立，形成了网络的新骨架。*/
under the aegis of the NSF, the network become known as the Internet.
@32.aegis/'i:dʒiəs/ n. under the aegis of formal with the protection or suppport of a person or organization. （正式）在...支持下（保护下）；@
/*在NSF的保护下，网络变成为著名的Internet.*/
However, NSFNET itself ceased to form the Internet backbone in 1995, and a fully commerical system of backbones has been created in its place.
@cease/si:s/ vt. put an end to a state or an activity停止；@
/*无论如何， 在1995年NSFNET 本身停止了形成Internet主体， 并且一个全新的商业在它的空间中已经被创造。*/
The current Internet has been likened to an electronic city with virtual libraries, storefronts, bussiness offices, art galleries, and so on.
@33. liken /'laikən/ v. liken sb./ sth. to sb./sth. [T usually passive 一般用被动态] formal to describe something or someone as being similar to an person or thing (正式)将某人或某物比作（另一人或物）@
@34 . gallery /' gæləri/ n. a large buliding where people can see famous pieces of art. 美术馆；@
/*现在的Internet已经看起来更像是一座电子城市， 包括虚拟的图书馆，临街商铺，商业办公，和艺术馆等。 */
Another term that is popular, particularly with the mediu, is the "Information Superhighway".
/*另一个词汇是流行的， 特别是在媒体上，是“信息高速公路。”*/
This is a metaphor for the future worldwide network that will provide connectivity, access to information, and online services for users around the world.
@35. metaphor /'metəfə/ n. something in book, painting, film etc. that is intended to represent a more general idea or quality, symbol. ( 书、画、电影等中的)象征（+ for） @
/*这是对未来万维网的象征，它将提供链结，读取信息，全球网上服务*/
The term was first used in 1993 by then-vice President AL Gore in a speech outlining plans to build a high-speed national data communications network, of which the Internet is a prototype.
@37. ptototype /'prəutətaip/ n. the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has (新型汽车、机器等的)原型，雏形； @
/*这个词汇首次被使用在1993年， 被当时的副总统阿尔·戈尔， 在一次演讲中描绘了去计划建设一条高速国家数据交流网络，它是Internet的雏形*/
In his book The Road Ahead， Bill Gates (chairman and co-founder of Microsoft) likens the United States, where the Internet represent the starting in the construction of a new order of networked communication (Gates 1995).
/*在他的书《未来之路》中， Bill Gates (主席和微软前共同创造者)类比美国，Internet 代表了一种新的网络通信秩序建筑的开端。*/
The Internet began with funding from the NSF as a mean to allow American univerisities to share the resources of five national supercomputing centers.
@37. funding /'fʌndiŋ/ n. an amount of money used for a specific purpose. 专款；拨款；@
/*Internet 开始从NSF 取专项资金为了实现允许美国大学可以共享五个国家级超级计算机中心资源的方法。*/
Its numbers of users quickly grew as access became cheap enough for domestric users to have their own links on PCs.
@38. domestic /də'mestil/ adj. about family and home= concerning family relationships and life in home涉及家庭关系和生活的；家事的 @
/*用户数量快速增加由于对于家庭用户使用他们自已电脑上的链接使读取信息变的更便宜。*/
By the early 1990s, the wealth of information made freely available on this network had increased so much that a host of indexing and search services sprang up to answer user demand such as Archie, Gopher, Veronica, and WAIS (Wide Area Information Service), which provided services through a menu-based interactive.
@39. spring up = to suddenly appear or share to exist 突然出现，开始存在；@
/*截止20世纪90年代初，在这个网络上，大量的信息被免费使用增加，以致于指针和搜索服务的主机开始回答用户请求，例如： Archie, Gopher, Veronica 和 WAIS，它们通过基于菜单的接口提供服务。 */
In contrast, the web uses hypertext to allow browsing, and a number of Web-based search engines were created, such as Google, Yahoo!, and MSN.
/*相比之下，Web使用超文本允许浏览，许多基于Web的搜索引擎被创作，例如谷歌，雅虎，和MSN.*/
From initially connecting a handful of nods with APPANET, the Internet was estimated to have over 100 million users in Junuary 1997.
@ a handful of = 几个，不多；@
@estimate/'əstimət/ vt. 估计；估算；@
/*从最初几个和APPANET链接的为数不多的结点，Internet 被估计有超出1亿用户在1997 年1月份。*/
One year later, the estimate had risen to over 270 million users in over 100 countries, and by the end of 2000 the revised estimate was over 418 million users with z further rise to 945 million users by the end of 2004.
@40. revise estimate = a calculation that has been changed to make it more accurate. 修正的估计@
/*一年后，估计值已经超过了2亿7仟万用户在100多个国家，并且截止2000年底，修证估计值已超过4亿1仟8佰万用户，更有可能上升到9亿4仟5佰万用户到2004年底。*/
One projection for expected growth predicts 2billion users by 2010 (at end of 2008, there were approximately 1.5 billion online users)
/*针对一项期望增长值预言截止2010年将有20亿用户（在2008年底，存在大约有15亿在线用户。）*/
In addition, there are currently about 3.5 billion documents in the Internet, growth at 7.5 million a day.
/*另外， 在Internet 上， 存在35亿个文档， 每天新增7.5亿个文档。*/
If we include intranets and extranets ( explained next), the number of documents rises to an incredible 550 billion.
@incredibly/in'krediəbli/ adv. in a way that is hard to believe. 难以置信的。@
/* 如果我们包括intranets 和 extranets （以下作解释）， 文档数可能上升难以置信的为5仟5佰亿。*/
30.1.1 Intranets and Extranets
intranet A web site or group of sites belonging to an organization, accessible only by the members of the organization.
/* intranet 属于一个公同的一个网址或一组网址，数据只能被本公司内部员工读取。*/
Internet standards for exchanging email and publishing Web pages are becoming increasingly popular for business use within closed networks called intranets.
/*Internet 标准对于交换电子邮件和发布web页面，是逐渐变的流行对于商业使用在封闭网络内部，被称为 intranet.*/
Typically, an intranet is connected to the wider public Internet through a firewall ( see section 20.5.2)， with restriction imposed on the types of information that can pass into and out of the intranet.
@42. impose /'impəuz/ vt. to force someone to have the same ideas or beliefs as you. （将想法，信仰）强加于某人@
/* 经典的， 一个intranet被链接到一个比较宽广的Internet上通过一个防火墙，将限制条件强加于进入intranet或走出intranet 的信息类型 。* /
For example, staff may be allowed to use external email and access any external Web site, but people external to the organization may be limited to sending email into the organization and forbidden to see any published Web pages within the intranet.
@43. external /ik'stænl/ adj. connected with the outside of a surface or body. 外面的，外部的；@
@44. forbidden/fə'bidn/ adj. not allowed, especially because of an official rule. (尤指因官方规定而)被禁止的@
/*例如， 员工可能被使用外部的电子邮件并且读取任何外部的网址，但是对于公司外部的员工，可能被限止发送电子邮件到公司并且被禁止去浏览的发布的网页在intranet内部。*/
Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of the Internet, because they are much less expensive to build and manage than private networks based on proprietary protocols.
@secure /si:'kjuə/ adj. permance / certain 永久的/确定的；a situation that is secure is one that you can depend on because it is not likely to change 稳定的；可靠的；稳定的；@
@propriety /prə'praiət/ n. formal (正式) !(singlar u) correctness of social moral behaviour especially between men and women or between people of different social ranks, age etc. (尤指男女之间或不同社会等级或年龄之间的)礼貌；规矩@
/*安全的Intranet 现在是Internet 发展最快的部分，因为他们是比较便宜的去建设和管也理比起基于条条框框协议的私有网络。*/
Extranet An intranet that is partially accessible to authorized outsiders.
/* EXTRANET 被外部授权者部分读取的Intranet.*/
Whereas an intranet resides behind a firewall and is accessible only to people who are members of the same organization, an extranet provides various levels of accessibility to outsiders.
@47. partially /'pa:ʃəli/ adv. formal (正式) not completely partly 不完全的；部分的；@
@48. whereas /'wear'æs/ adj. used to say that although something is true of one thing, it is not true of another. 但是，却（用于说某事不适用于所有情况）@
/*但是， 在防火墙背后的Intranet，只有同一个公司的员工仅仅有读取信息的可能性，然而， entranet 对于外部人员提供了各种级别去读取信息。*/
Typically, an extranet can be accessed only if the outsider has a vaild user-name and password, and this identity determines which parts of the externet can be viewed.
/* 典型的， 如果一个外部人员当且仅当有一个有效的用户名和密码时，才能读取extranet, 并且这个标识符，决定了externet的哪一部能够被浏览。*/
Extranets have become a very popular means for business partners to exchange information.
/*Extranet 已经变成了企业合作伙伴之间交换信息的流行的方式。 */
other approaches that provide this facility have been used for a number of years.
/*提供这种功能的其它方式已经被使用许多年了。*/
For example, Electronic Data Inter-change (EDC) allows organizations to link systems such as inventory and puchase-order.
@49. inventory /'invətri/ n. a list of all the things in a place (一个地方所有东西的)详细目录；清单；@
@50. purchase /'pætʃiəs/ n. formal the act of buying something (正式)购买；采购；@
/*例如， 电子数据交互允许公司去链接系统诸如库存清单和采购清单。*/
These links foster applications such as just-in-time (JIT) inventory and manufacturing, in which products are manufactured and shipped to a retailer on an "as-needed" basis.
@51.foster/'fɔstə/ vt. to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period time. 促进，培养；助长； @
@52. retail /ri'teil/ v. technical to sell goods in a shop (术语)零售；零卖； @
/*这些链接促进了仓库清单和产品制造的即时应用程序， 产品被手工生产，并且被针对所需运输到零售商。*/
However, EDI requires an expensive infrastructrue.
@infrastructure/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/ n. 基础设施 @
/*无论如何， EDI 需要一个昂贵的基础疫施。*/
Some organizations use costly leased lines; most outsource the infrastructure to value-added netwoks(VANs), which are still far more expensive than using the Internet.
/*一些公司使用昂贵的租用线路，最大的外源对于外源增值网络的基础设施，比起使用Internet仍然比较贵。*/
EDI also necessitates expensive integration among applications.
@54. necessitate /niə'sesiəteit/ vt. formal to make it necessary for you to do something. (正式)使成为必需；需要；@
/*EDI也是在应用程序之间成为必要昂贵的集成。*/
Consequently, EDI has been slow to spread outside its key markets, which include transportation, manufacturing, and retail.
因此，EDI 已经缓慢向外蔓延自已的市场，它包括：运输业，制造业，和零售业。
In constrast, implementing an extranet is relatively simple.
/*恰恰相反，实现一个extranet是相对简单的；*/
It used standard Internet componenet: a Web server, a brower- or applet-based application, and the Internet itself as a communications infructure.
/*它使用标准的因特网组件： 一个网页服务器， 一个是基于浏览器一个是基于applet的应用程序，并且Interent本身是一个通信架构。*/
In addtion, the extranet allows organizations to provides information about themselves as a product for their customs.
/*另外， 一个extranet允许组织去提供与自己相关的信息，作为一个对于客户的产品。 */
For example, Federal Express provides an extranet that allows customs to track their own packages.
@55. federal /'fedərəl/ adj. (联帮)制@
/*例如，联邦快递公司，提供一个Internet 允许顾客去跟踪他们自己的包裹。*/
Organizations can also save money using extranets: moving parpaer-based information to Web, where user access the data they need when they need it, and can potentially save organizations significant amounts of money and resources that would otherwise have been spent on priting, assembing packets of information, and mailing.
/*使用extranets 也可以节约金钱： 从以纸为本的的信息到网站页面， 当用户需要时，他们可以读取数据，这样就潜意识中节约了公司极大的金钱和资源---它们相反可能被用于印刷，汇编信息包和邮递。*/
In this chapter , generally we use thw more inclusive term "Internet" to incorprate both intranets and extranets.
@56. inclusive / in'klu: siv /n. an inclusive price or cost include everything. (价钱、费用)包括一切的；、@
/*在这章中，通长我们使用单词“Internet“ 去包括价格和每一件事情 */
30.1. 2 e-commerce and e-Business
There is consideral discussion currently about the opportunities the Internet provides for electronic commerce (e-commerce) and electronic bsiness (e-business).
/*现在关于Interent 所提供的e-commerce 和e-business有一个值得深思的讨论.*/
As with many emerging developments of this nature, there is some debate over the actual definitions of these two terms.
@57. mebate/di'beit/ n. discussion or argument on a subject that people have different opinions about. 讨论； @
/*由于这种性质滋生的发展，在精确定义这两个词汇上存在许多讨论*/
Cisco systems, now one of the largest organizations in the world, defined five incremental stages to the Internet evolution of a business, which include definitions of these terms.
@58. increment / 'iŋkriəmənt/ n. an amount that is regularly added to the amount that someone is paid each year. （每年薪金的定期）增加；增额；@
/*Cisco 系统，现在全球最大的公司之一， 描述了Internet商业革命的五个促进阶段，包括定义这些词汇。*/
Stage 1 : Email As well as communicating and exchanging files across an internal network, businesses at this stage are beginning to communicate with supplier and customers by using the Internet as an external communication medium.
/*第一阶段： e-mail (电子邮件) 正如在Internet上进行通信和文件交互一样，商业中的供应商和顾客使用Internet作为外部通讯媒介在这个阶段开始去通讯*/
This delivers an immediate boost to the business's efficiency and simplifies global communication.
@59. deliver /di'livə/ vt. 给予： @
@60. boost /bu:st/ n. something that helps someone be more successful and confident, or that helps something increase or improve. 激励；鼓励；增加，改进；@
/*对于商业的效率和简化全球通讯这给予了一次瞬时增加。*/
stage 2. web site
Business at this stage have developed a web site, which acts as a shop window to the world for their business products.
/*在这一阶段，商业已经开发了网址，它们扮演了厨窗对于商业产品。*/
The Web site also allows customs to communicate with the business at any time, from any where, which gives even the smallest business a global presence.
@61. presene // n. 出席；到场；存在；@
/*网址，允许顾客在商业上无论何时何地进行交流，给予了一个全球现场最小的商业。*/
stage 3 : e-commerce
e-commerce customers can place and pay for orders via the business's web site.
@62. place an order = make an order 订货；下订单；@
/*顾客通过电子商务平台订单和付款*/
Business at this stage are not using their Web site as a dynamic brochure but also allowing customers to make procurements from the Web site, and even be providing service and support online as well.
@63. brochure /'brəuʃə/n. a thin book giving information or advertising something. 小册子@
@64. procure /'prəkjuə/ v. to obtain something, especially something that is difficult to get. 获得；取得（尤指难以得到的事物）。 @
/*这一阶段的商业不仅使用他们的网站地址作为动态手册，而且还允许顾客从网站上下载，甚至还提供再线服务。*/
This would involve some form of secure transaction using one of the technologies discussed in Section 20.5.7.
/*这也涉及了一些安全事务的格式使用在20.5.7所讨论的技术之一。*/
This allows the business to trade 24 hours a day, every day of the year, thereby increasing sales opportunities, reducing the cost of sale and service, and achieving improved customer stasifaction.
/*这也允许商业一个24小时进行交易，因此，增加了销售机会，减少了服务成本，获得提高客户舒适度。*/
stage 4 e-Business
e-Business complete integration of Internet technology into the economic infrastruction of the business.
/* 电子商业 整合Internet 技术进入电子商业的基础设施。*/
Business at this stage have embraced Internet technology through many parts of their business.
@embrace /im'breis/ v. formal to include something as part of a subject, discusion etc. (正式)包括；涉及； @
/*这一阶段在电子商业中的许多部分已经涉及Internet技术*/
Internal and extenal processes are managed through intranets and extranets: sales， service, and promotion are all based around the web.
/*内在和外在的程序都被intranet和extranet管理： 销售，服务，促销都基于网页。*/
Among the potential advantages are that the business achieves faster communication, streamlined and more efficient processes, and improved producitivity.
@66. streamlined /'stri:mlaid/ adj. to form something into a smooth shape so that it moves easily through the air or water. 使...成为流线型； @
/*集合这些潜在的优点，商业获得了更快的交流， 被流水线化，而且更高效，提高了产量。*/
Stage 5. Ecosystem
In this stage, the entrie business process is automated via the Internet.
/*在这个阶段，所有的商业程序都通过Internet。*/
Customers, suppliers, key alliance partners, and the corporate infrastructure are integrated into a seamless systems.
@67. seamless /'si:mləs/ adj. something seamless is done or happens so sommthly that you can not tell where one thing stops and anther begins 平滑的；浑然一体的；@
@68. alliance /ə'laiəns/ n. the arrangment in which two or more countries, groups etc agree to work together in order to try to change or achieve something.(国家、团体之间的)联盟、同盟 ；@
/*顾客，供应商，关键合作伙伴，和公司基础设施被集成为一个浑然一体的系统。*/
It is argued that this provides lower costs, higher productivity, and significant competive advantage.
/*那也是被讨论的，这提供了更低的成本，更多的生产量，和核心竞争优势。*/
According to the Forrester Research GROUP and eMarketer, U.S. online sales reached US$175 billion in 2007 and are projected to grow to US $335 billion by 2012, while in Europe online sales have grown to 106 billion (US $ 133Billion) and will reach 323 billion (US $ 407 billion ) by 2011.
Forrester also suggests that the business-to-business (B2B) market segment grew from US$ 2.8 trillion in 2004 to US $ 4.1 trillion in 2005 and US$ 6.8 trillion in 2007.
By 2012 it has been predicted by IDC that there will be more than 1billion online buyers worldwide, making business-to-consumer (B2C) transaction worth US$1.2 trillion and B2B transaction worth US$ 12.4 trillion.
30.2 The Web
The Web A Hyper-media-based system that provides a means of browsing information on the Internet in non-sequential way using hyperlinks.
@70. hype /haip/ n. attempts to make the public interested in a product, film etc. by saying how good it is on television, radio etc. (传媒的)大肆宣传，炒作；@
/*网页，以媒体为本的炒作系统提供了一种在Internet上使用超链 以无序的方式浏览网页。 */
The world wide web (the web for short) provides a simple "point and click" means of exploring the immense volume of pages of information residing on the Internet (Berners-Lee, 1992; Berners-Lee et al., 1994).
@immense /imens/ adj. extremely large 巨大的；@
/*万维网（简称WEB）提供了一个简单的“点击”方式探索Internet内部巨大容量的信息页面。 */
Information on the web is presented on Web pages, which appear as a collection of text, graphics, pictures, sound, and video.
/*网页中的信息，在网页页面上的体现，以文本、图像、声音和视频的集合形式出现。*/
In addition, a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages, which allow users to navigate in a non-sequential way through information.
/*另外， 一个网页可以包含与其它网页的超链接，允许用户以一种无序的方法浏览信息。*/
Much of the web's success is due to the simplicity with which it allows users to provide, use, and refer to information distributed geographically around the world.
/*多数网页的成功取决于本身的简单性，它允许用户提供、使用和参考世界上不同地理分布的信息。*/
Furthermore, it provides users with the ability to browse multi-media documents independently of the computer hardware being used.
/*更进一步，它提供用户去独立使用计算机硬件去浏览多媒体。*/
It is also compatible with other existing data communication protocols, such as Gopher, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol), and Telnet (for remote login session).
/*它也 是和其它已经存地的通信协议相兼容，例如as Gopher, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), NNTP , and Telnet.*/
The Web consists of a network of computers that can act in two roles: as servers, providing information; and as clients, usually referred to as browsers, requesting information.
/*网页存在许多网络计算机，它们能够扮演两个角色： 作为服务器，提供信息；作为客户端， 通常参考浏览器，请求信息。*/
Examples of Web servers are Apache HTTP server, Microsoft Internet Information Serve （IIS), and Google web server (GWS) , and examples of web browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, and Safari.
/*网页服务器是 Apache HTTP server, Microsoft Internet Information Serve （IIS), and Google web server (GWS) ,网页浏览器的例子是 Microsoft Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, and Safari. */
Much of the information on the web is stored in documents uising a language called HTML (HyperText Markeup Language), and browsers must understand and interpret HTML to display these documents.
/*网页上的信息大多数是储存在文档中使用一种被称为HTML（超文本标记语言），并且浏览器必须理解和阐释HTMML 去显示这些文档。*/
The protocol that govern the exchange of information between the web server and the brower is called HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol).
/*管理服务器和浏览器信息之间交换的协议被称为超文本传输协议。*/
Documents and locations within documents are identified by an address, defined as a uniform Resource Locator (URL).
/*文档和文档地址被用一个地址标识，定义为一个统一资源定位器。*/
Figure 30.1 illustrates the basic components of the web enviroment, we now discuss HTTP, HTML, and URLs in some more detail.
/*图30.1中，列举了网页环境的必要组成部分，现在，我们讨论HTTP,HTML, 和URL在一些更细的方面。*/
30.2.1 HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTP : the protocol used to transfer web pages through the Internet.
/* HTTP 被用来在Internet上传输网页的协议。*/
The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) defines how clients and servers communicate.
/*超文本传输协议定义了客户端和服务器端怎样进行通信。*/
HTTP is a generic object-oriented, stateless protocol to transmit information between servers and clients (Berners-Lee, 1992).
@77. stateless /'steitləs/ adj. not officially being a citizen of any country 无国籍的@
@generic /dʒiə'nerik / adj. generic name/term/label etc. a word that describe a whole class of things. 属名、通称等（用于描述一类事物的词）@
/*HTTP 是一个面象对象的，无国籍的协议通称，进行服务器和客户端之间信息的传输。*/
HTTP /0.9 was used during the early development of the web.
/*HTTP/0.9 被使用早期WEB开发时。*/
HTTP/ 1.0 which was released in 1995 as information RFC 1945， reflected common usage of the protocol (Berners--Lee et al., 1996)
/*HTTP/ 1.0 是被出版 在1995年， 作为RFC 1945文档，反映本协议的通常用法（Berners--Lee et al.,1996）*/
The most recent release, HTTP/1.1, provides more functionality and support for allowing multiple transcations to occur between client and server over the same time.
/*最新发布， HTTP/1.1,提供了更多的功能和允许在同一时段多事务同时发生。*/
HTTP is based on a request-respone paradigm.
@76.paradigm/'pærədaim/ n. formal a very clear or typical example of something (正式)示例；范例；样式；technical a model or example pof something works or is produced (术语)（展示工作或制作方式的）模型@
/HTTP，是基于一个请求应答的模式。/
An HTTP transaction consists of the following stages:
/*一个Http事务包括以下几个阶段。*/
! connection: the client establishes a connection with the web server.
/*联结： 客户端和服务器建立联结;*/
!Request: the client sends a request message to the web server.
/*请求：客户端发送一个请求信息到WEB服务器。*/
!response: the web server sends a response (for example, an HTML document) to the client.
/*响应： WEB服务器发送一个响应给客户端。*/
！close: The connection is closed by the web server.
/*关闭：联结被WEB服务器关闭。*/
HTTP is currently a stateless protocol-- the server retains no information between request.
@77. stateless /'steitləs/ adj. not officially being a citizen of any country. 无国籍的； @
@78. retain /ri'tein/ v. to keep something or continue to have something. 保留；保有；@
/*目前，HTTP是一个无国籍协议， 相互发求出请求的服务器不保留信息。 */
Thus, a web server has no memory of previous requests.
/*因此，一个web服务器对于先前的请求，没有记忆。*/
This means that the information a user enters on one page (through a form, for example) is not automatically available on the next page requested,
unless the web server takes steps to make that happen, in which case the server must somehow identify which requests, out of the thousands of requests it receives, come from the same time.
/*这意味着，一个用户在网页中录入的信息（通过一个表格，例如）再下一次页面请求时不会自动生效，除非服务器采取措施，使它 们发生， 服务器本身必须标识这些请求， 接收成千上万的请求，在同一时间里。*/
For most applications, this stateless property of HTTP is benefit that permits clients and servers to be written with a logic and run "lean" with no extra memory or disk space taken up with information from old request.
/*对于大多数应用程序，HTTP的这种无国籍的特性，它的发好处是：允许客户和服务被写用了一种逻辑；并且，对于来原有请求的信息采取“瘦身”通过删除多余的内存和磁盘空间。 */
Unfortunately, the stateless property of HTTP makes it difficult to support the concept of a session that is essential to basic DBMS transactions.
@session /'seʃən/ n. a meeting or period of time used for a particular purpose, especially by a group of people. 会期；（某团体从事某项活动的）一段时间；@
/*不幸的， HTTP的无国界性，使它去支持阶段时概念（对于DBMS事务是必要的）是困难的。*/
Various schemes have proposed to compensate for the stateless nature of HTTP, such as returing web pages with hidden fields containing transaction identifiers, and using web page forms where all the information is entered locally and then submitted as a single transaction.
@80. compensate /'kɔmpənseit/ vt. to replace or balance something good that has been lost or is lackin, by providing or doing something equally good. 弥补；抵消；@
/*已经被声明各种主题 去弥补HTTP无国界性的缺点， 一些回访类网页内部含有隐藏的字段包含事务标识符，并且使用WEB网页表格（在本地被输入所有信息，接着提交作为一个单个事务。）*/
All these schemes are limited in the types of application that they support and require special extensions to the web servers, as we discuss later in this chapter.
/*所有这些方法都是有限的；它们所支持的应用程序的类型， 对于web服务器所申请的专用扩展，我们将在本章讨论。*/
Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions
/*多目的，Internet 邮件扩展*/
The Multipose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) specifications define a standard for encoding binary data into ASCII， as well as a standard for indicating the type of the data contained inside a message.
/*MIME说明定义了编码二进制成为ASCII码的标准， 以及对于信息内部所含数据类型的标准。*/
Although originally used by emial client software, the web also makes use of the MIME standard to determine how to handle multiple media types.
/*虽然起初被邮件客户端软件使用， 网页也使MIME的标准去决定怎样去处理多媒体类型。*/
MIME types are identified using a type/sub-type format, where type classifies the general type of data being sent, and subtype defines the specific type of format used.
/*MIME 类型被标识为使用的类格式和分类格式；类分类为被发送数据类型；字类被定义为过去使用的专用类型格式。*/
For example, a GIF image would be formatted as image/gif.
/*例如： 一个GIF影像可能格式为image/gif*/
Some other useful types (with default file extensions) are listed in Table 30.1.
/*一些其它有用的类型 （包括默认的文件扩展名）被列在表30.1 中。*/
TABLE 30.1 Some useful MIME type
| MIME TYPE | MIME SUBTYPE | DESCRIPTION |
| TEXT | html | HTML files (*.html, *htm) |
| plain (朴素的；简单的) | Regular ASCII (*.txt) | |
| image | jpeg | Joint Photographic Experts Group files (*.jpg) |
| gif | Graphics Interchange Format files (*.gif) | |
| x-bitmap | Microsoft bitmap files (*.bmp) | |
| video | x-msvideo | Microsoft Audio Video Interleave files (*.avi) |
| quicktime | Apple QuickTime Movie files (*.mov) | |
| mpeg | Moving Picture Experts Group files (*.mpeg) | |
| application | postscript | postscript files (*.ps) |
| Adobe Acrobat files(*.pdf) | ||
| java | Java class file (*.class ) |
HTTP request
/*HTTP 请求*/
An HTTP request consists of a header indicating the type of request, the name of a resource, and the HTTP version, followed by an optional body.
/*一个HTTP 请求， 包括一个暗含请求类型的头部， 资源名，HTTP的版本号，后加一个可选的主体。*/
The header is separated from the body by a blank line.
/*头部和主体部分分离通过一个空行。*/
The main HTTP request types are:
/*主要的HTTP 请求类型是： */
1. GET This is one of the most common types of request, which retrieves (gets) the resource the user has requested.
/*1. Get 这是最普通请求类型之一， 它检索用户所需的资源。*/
2. POST Another common type of request, which transfers (posts) data to the specified resource.
/*2. post 另外一个通用请求类型， 传输数据到达专用源。*/
Usually the data sent comes from an HTML from that the users had filled in, and the server may use this data to search the Internet or query a database.
/*通常被发送的数据来自一个已经被用户填好的HTML表格， 服务器通常使用这个数据去搜索Internet 和查询数据库。*/
3. HEAD Similar to Get but forces the servers to return only an HTTP header instead of respone data.
/*HEAD 与GET 相似，但是强制服务器仅仅返回一个HTTP头部代替响应数据。 */
4. PUT (HTTP /1.1) Uploads th resource from the server.
/* PUT (HTTP / 1.1 ) 从服务器上上传资源。*/
5. DELETE (HTTP/1.1) .Deletes the source from the server.
/* DELETE (HTTP/1.1) 删除资源从服务器上*/
6. OPTIONS (HTTP/1.1) Requests the server's configuration options.
/*可先项（HTTP/1.1） 请求服务器的配置选项。*/
HTTP response
/*HTTP 响应*/
An HTTP response has a header containing the HTTP version , the status of the response, and header information to control the reponse behavior, as well as any requested data in a response body.
/*一个HTTP 响应有一个含有HTTP 版本信息的头部，响应状态，和头部信息去控制响应行为。 同时还有所有被请求的数据在一个响应主体内。*/
Again, the header is separated from the body by a blank line.
/*另外， 头部和主体分离，通过一条空行。*/
30.2.2 HyperText Markup language
/*30.2.2 超文本标记语言*/
HTML The document fomatting language used to design most Web pages.
/*HTML 文档格式语言应用于设计绝大多数的WEB页面。*/
The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a system for marking up, or tagging, a document so that it can be published on the Web.
@81. tag /tæg/ n. a small piece of paper, plastic etc. fixed to something to show what it is, who owns it, what it costs, etc. 标签；标牌 @
/*HTML 是一个标记，或者打标签一个文 档，以至于它能够在网页上出版。*/
HTML defines what is generally transmitted between nodes in the network.
/*HTML 定义了在一个网络中结点之间通常什么被传输。*/
It is a simple, yet powerful, platform-independent document language (Berner-Lee and Connolly, 1993).
/*它是一个简单的，还是功能强大的、独立平台的文档语言（Berner-Lee and Connolly, 1993）*/
HTML was originally developed by Tim Berner-Lee while he was at CERN but was standardized in Novermber 1995 as the IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force) RFC1866, commonly referred to as HTML version 2.
/*当Berner- Lee 在CERN时，HTML 被初步开发， 而不是衩IETF在1995年11月作为标准的RFC1866, 通常被参考为HTML 第2套版本。*/
The language has evolved and the World Wild Web Consortium(W3C) currently recommendeds use of HTML 4.0.1, which has mechanisms for frames, stylesheets, scripting, and embedded objects (W3C, 1999a).
@82. evolve /i'vɔlv/ v. to develp or make something develop by gradually changing (使)逐步发展。 @
?W3C is an international joint effort with the goal of overseeing the development of the web.? /*W3 C 是一个国际联合致力于WEB发展监控。*/
/*语言逐步发展，现在，W3C 推荐使用HTML 4.0.1, 它含有框架、表格式、脚本语言、和嵌入式对象机制。 */
In early 2000, W3C producted XHTML 1.0 (exetensible HyperText Markup Language) as a reformulation of HTML 4 in XML (extensible Markup Language) (W3C, 2000a).
/*在2000年初， W3C 产生了XHTML 1.0 (扩展性超文本标记语言)作为HTML4 的更正。*/
We disccuss XML in the next chapter.
/*我们讨论XML 在下一章。*/
HTML has been developed with the intention that various types of devices should be able to use information on the Web : PCs with graphics displays of varying resolution and color depths, mobile telephones, handheld devices, devices for speech for input or output, and so on.
@83. resolution /,rezə'lu:ʃən/ n. =clearness 清晰 the power of a television, camera, Micro-scope etc to give a clear picture of things, or a measure of this. (电视、照相机、显微镜的)清晰度；分辨率@
/*HTML已经被开发，打算各种类型的设备都应该去使用网页资源： 从分辨率到色彩深度的不同的图形显示器的PC， 移动电话，手持设备，对于演讲的输入和输出设备，等等。*/
HTML is an application of the standardized Gerneralized Markup language (SGML), a system for defining structured document types and markup language to represent instance of those document types (ISO, 1986).
/*HTML 是一个标准通用标记语言应用程序，定义结构化文档类型，和标记语言去体现这些文档类型的实例的系统。*/
HTML is one such markup language.
/*HTML 就是这样的一种标记语言*/
Figure 30.2 shows a portion of an HTML page （a） and the corresponding page viewed through a Web browser (b).
/*图30.2 显示了一个HTML文档的一部分和通过浏览器对应的网页。*/
Links are specified in the HTML file using an HREF tag and the resulting display highlights the linked text by underlining them.
/*在HTML 文件中， 使用一个HREF标签说明链接；以突出强调链接文本，结果晃示高亮。*/
In many browsers, moving the mouse over the link changes the cursor to indicate that the text is a hypelink to another document.
@ 84.cursor/'kæʃə/ n. a mark or a small light which can be moved around a computer screen to show where you are working.电脑的光标@
/*在许多浏览器中，移动光标在链接上方改变光标去暗示那个文本是一个超链接相对于另一个文本。*/
30.2.3 Uniform Resource Locators
URL A string of alpha-numeric character that represents the location or address of a resource on the Internet and how that resource should be accessed.
@85. alpha-numeric/,ælfənju:'merik/ adj. using letters and numbers 字母；数字（混合的）；文数式的；@
@86. location /ləu'keiʃən/ n. the act of finding the position of something 定位；@
/*URL 一串文数式的字符， 代表着将资源的定位和资源地址，怎样在Internet上取资源； */
URLs define uniquely where documents (resources ) can be found on the Internet.
/*URLs 唯一定义了能够在Internet上被找到的文档（资源）。*/
Other related terms that may be encounted are URIs and URNs.
@87. encounter/in'kauntə/ vt. to experience problems, difficulties, or opposition when you are trying to do something 遇到；@
/*可能会遇到其它相关的词汇是URIs 和URNs.*/
Uniform Resource Identifiers （URIs）are the generic set of all names/ address that refer to Internet resources.
/*统一资源标识符是所有名称/地址的通用集， 那参考Internet 资源。*/
Uniform Resource Names (URN) also designate a resource on the Internet, but do so using a persistent, location-independence name.
@88.persistent /pə'sistənt/ adj. continuing to exist or happen, especially for longer than is usual or desirable. 持续存在（发生）的@
/*URN 在Internet上也设计了一个资源，但是做这些，使用了一个永久的，可依赖地址的名字*/
URNs are very general and rely on name lookup services and therefore dependent on additional services that are not always generally available (Sollins and Masinter, 1994)
/*URN 是非常 普通的，并且依赖名字检索服务， 因此依赖额外服务，那些服务并不一直通常使用（Sollins and Masinter, 1994）*/
URLs, on the other hand, identify a resource on the Internet using a scheme based on the resource's location.
/*URLs, 另一方面，在Internet上标识一个资源， 使用一个基于资源定位的框架。*/
URLs are the most commonly used identification scheme and are the basic for HTTP and the Web.
/*URLs 是最普通的标识符框架，是HTTP和WEB的基础。*/
The syntax of a URL is quite simple and consists of three basic parts: the protocol used for connection, the host name, and the path name on that host where the resource can be found.
/*URL 的语法是相当简单并且存在三个基本部分： 连接协议，主机名， 能够在那台主机上的找到资源的路径。*/
In addition, the URL can optionally specify the port through which the connection to the host should be made (default 80 HTTP), and a query string,
which is one of the primary methods for passing data from the client to the server (for example, to a CGI script).
/*另外， URL 能够选择性说明端口，通过*/
The syntax of a URL is as follows:
<protocol>://<host>[:<port>]/absolute_path [? arguments]
The <protocol> specifies the mechanism to be used by the browser to communicate with the resource.
Common access methods are HTTP, S-HTTP (secure HTTP), file(load file from a local disk), FTP, mailto (send mail to specified mail address), Gopher, NNTP, and Telnet.
For example: http:// www.w3.org/MarkUp.html
is a URL that identifies the general home page for HTML information at W3C.
The protocol is HTTP, the host is www.3.org, and the virtual path of the HTML file is /MarkUp/MarkUp.html.
We will see an example of passing a query string as an optional set of arguments as part of the URL in Section 30.4.
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