前言
最近发现要学习C++来开发NDK,不得不把基础的东西记录下来,否则学的太多会混淆,废话不多说,开始记录我的C++学习之旅吧
HelloWord
导库
命名空间
输出函数
#include <iostream>
//必须带有命名空间才能使用cout等
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello, world!" << endl;
return 0;
}
命名空间
1、命名空间属性访问和结构体访问
namespace NSP_A{
int a = 9;
struct Student{
char name[20];
int age;
};
}
void main(){
//使用命名空间
cout << NSP_A::a << endl;
//使用命名空间中的结构体
using NSP_A::Student;
Student t;
}
2、命名空间的嵌套
namespace NSP_B{
//命名空间嵌套
namespace NSP_C{
int c = 90;
}
}
void main(){
cout << NSP_B::NSP_C::c << endl;
}
类
1、类、属性、方法的声明与使用
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdarg.h>
using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14
class MyCircle{
//属性(共用权限访问修饰符)
private:
double r;
double s;
public:
void setR(double r){
this->r = r;
}
//获取面积
double getS(){
return PI * r * r;
}
};
void main(){
MyCircle c;
c.setR(4);
cout << "圆的面积:" << c.getS() << endl;
system("pause");
}
2、类的大小
类的大小只计算普通属性的大小,其他都不包括在内
class A{
public:
int i;
int j;
int k;
static int m;
};
class B{
public:
int i;
int j;
int k;
void myprintf(){
cout << "打印" << endl;
}
};
void main(){
//输出的结果都是12
cout << sizeof(A) << endl;
cout << sizeof(B) << endl;
}
继承
1、继承基本使用
class Human{
public:
void say(){
cout << "说话" << endl;
}
protected:
int age;
};
class Man : public Human{
};
void main(){
//子类
Man m1;
m1.say();
//将子类赋值给父类的引用或指针
Human* h_p = &m1;
h_p->say();
Human &h1 = m1;
h1.say();
//子类对象初始化父类类型的对象
Human h2 = m1;
h2.say();
//子类对象调用父类的成员
m1.Human::say();
m1.Human::age = 10;
}
2、向父类构造方法传参
class Human{
public:
Human(char* name, int age){
this->name = name;
this->age = age;
}
protected:
char* name;
int age;
};
class Man : public Human{
public:
//给父类构造函数传参,同时给属性h对象赋值
Man(char *brother, char *s_name, int s_age, char *h_name, int h_age) : Human(s_name, s_age), h(h_name,h_age){
this->brother = brother;
}
private:
Human h;
};
void main(){
Man m1("Hensen","HensenBoy",18,"HensenGirl",18);
}
3、多继承的实现
class Person{
};
class Citizen{
};
class Student : public Person, public Citizen{
};
4、继承间的访问修饰符
基类中 继承方式 子类中
public & public继承 = > public
public & protected继承 = > protected
public & private继承 = > private
protected & public继承 = > protected
protected & protected继承 = > protected
protected & private继承 = > private
private & public继承 = > 子类无权访问
private & protected继承 = > 子类无权访问
private & private继承 = > 子类无权访问
5、继承的二义性
virtual:表示虚继承,不同路径继承来的同名成员只有一份拷贝,解决不明确的问题
class A{
public:
char* name;
};
//这里面加了virtual关键字
class A1 : virtual public A{
};
//这里面加了virtual关键字
class A2 : virtual public A{
};
class B : public A1, public A2{
};
void main(){
B b;
//如果程序不加virtual关键字就会导致二义性,系统无法辨识哪个类的name属性,会报错
b.name = "Hensen";
//这里通过指定父类显示调用是可以的
b.A1::name = "Hensen";
b.A2::name = "Hensen";
}
多态
1、多态的基本使用
//Plane.h文件
#pragma once
//普通飞机
class Plane{
public:
virtual void fly();
virtual void land();
};
//Plane.cpp文件
#include "Plane.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void Plane::fly(){
cout << "起飞" << endl;
}
void Plane::land(){
cout << "着陆" << endl;
}
//Jet.h文件
#pragma once
#include "Plane.h"
//直升飞机
class Jet : public Plane{
virtual void fly();
virtual void land();
};
//Jet.cpp文件
#include "Jet.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void Jet::fly(){
cout << "直升飞机在原地起飞..." << endl;
}
void Jet::land(){
cout << "直升飞机降落在女神的屋顶..." << endl;
}
#include "Plane.h"
#include "Jet.h"
#include "Copter.h"
//业务函数
void bizPlay(Plane& p){
p.fly();
p.land();
}
void main(){
Plane p1;
bizPlay(p1);
//直升飞机
Jet p2;
bizPlay(p2);
}
引用
1、引用的使用
void main(){
int a = 10;
//&是C++中的引用,引用:变量的另外一个别名,共用同个地址
int &b = a;
cout << b << endl;
}
2、引用与指针的区别
不存在空引用,引用必须连接到一块合法的内存。
一旦引用被初始化为一个对象,就不能被指向到另一个对象。指针可以在任何时候指向到另一个对象。
引用必须在创建时被初始化。指针可以在任何时间被初始化。
3、引用与指针写法上的差异
struct Teacher{
char* name;
int age;
};
//带有结构体指针的写法
void myprint(Teacher *t){
cout << t->name << "," << t->age << endl;
//(*t).name
}
//带有结构体引用的写法
void myprint2(Teacher &t){
cout << t.name << "," << t.age << endl;
t.age = 21;
}
//指针值交换
void swap_1(int *a, int *b){
int c = 0;
c = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = c;
}
//引用值交换
void swap_2(int &a, int &b){
int c = 0;
c = a;
a = b;
b = c;
}
void main(){
Teacher t;
t.name = "Hensen";
t.age = 20;
//指针的写法
myprint(&t);
//引用的写法
myprint2(t);
int x = 10;
int y = 20;
//指针的写法
swap_1(&x, &y);
//引用的写法
swap_2(x,y);
}
4、引用的作用
把引用作为参数:C++支持把引用作为参数传给函数,这比传一般的参数更安全
把引用作为返回值:可以从C++函数中返回引用,就像返回其他数据类型一样
5、指针引用,代替二级指针
struct Teacher{
char* name;
int age;
};
//引用的写法
void getTeacher(Teacher* &p){
p = (Teacher*)malloc(sizeof(Teacher));
p->age = 20;
}
//二级指针的写法,原本应该这样写,但是已经被引用的写法代替了
void getTeacher(Teacher **p){
Teacher *tmp = (Teacher*)malloc(sizeof(Teacher));
tmp->age = 20;
*p = tmp;
}
void main(){
Teacher *t = NULL;
//传递引用的指针t,相当于二级指针
getTeacher(&t);
}
6、常引用,类似于java中final
//常引用在方法中的引用
void myprint(const int &a){
cout << a << endl;
}
void main(){
//引用必须要有值,不能为空,下面写法是错误的
//const int a;
//int &a = NULL;
//常引用属性使用一
int a = 10, b = 9;
const int &c = a;
//常引用属性使用二
const int &d = 70;
}
7、引用与指针的大小
struct Teacher{
char name[20];
int age;
};
void main(){
Teacher t;
//引用
Teacher &t1 = t;
//指针
Teacher *p = &t;
//结果是24,引用相当于变量的别名
cout << sizeof(t1) << endl;
//结果是4,指针只是存放的地址
cout << sizeof(p) << endl;
system("pause");
}
异常
1、C++异常处理,会根据抛出的异常数据类型,进入到相应的catch块中
void main(){
try{
int age = 300;
if (age > 200){
throw 9.8;
}
}
catch (int a){
cout << "int异常" << endl;
}
catch (char* b){
cout << b << endl;
}
catch (...){
cout << "未知异常" << endl;
}
}
2、向下抛出异常
void mydiv(int a, int b){
if (b == 0){
throw "除数为零";
}
}
void func(){
try{
mydiv(8, 0);
}
catch (char* a){
throw a;
}
}
void main(){
try{
func();
}
catch (char* a){
cout << a << endl;
}
}
3、抛出对象
class MyException{
};
void mydiv(int a, int b){
if (b == 0){
throw MyException();
//不要抛出异常指针
//throw new MyException;
}
}
void main(){
try{
mydiv(8,0);
}
catch (MyException& e2){
cout << "MyException引用" << endl;
}
catch (MyException* e1){
cout << "MyException指针" << endl;
//指针的话需要手动释放内存
delete e1;
}
}
4、方法抛出异常
void mydiv(int a, int b) throw (char*, int) {
if (b == 0){
throw "除数为零";
}
}
5、标准异常
//需要导入标准异常的依赖库
#include<stdexcept>
class NullPointerException : public exception{
public:
NullPointerException(char* msg) : exception(msg){
}
};
void mydiv(int a, int b){
if (b > 10){
throw out_of_range("超出范围");
}
else if (b == NULL){
throw NullPointerException("为空");
}
else if (b == 0){
throw invalid_argument("参数不合法");
}
}
void main(){
try{
mydiv(8,NULL);
}
catch (out_of_range e1){
cout << e1.what() << endl;
}
catch (NullPointerException& e2){
cout << e2.what() << endl;
}
catch (...){
cout << "未知异常" << endl;
}
}
6、外部类异常
class Err{
public:
class MyException{
public:MyException(){
}
};
};
void mydiv(int a, int b){
if (b > 10){
throw Err::MyException();
}
}
IO流
1、普通文件
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
void main(){
char* fname = "c://dest.txt";
//输出流
ofstream fout(fname);
//创建失败
if (fout.bad()){
return;
}
//写入文件
fout << "Hensen" << endl;
//关闭输出流
fout.close();
//输入流
ifstream fin(fname);
//创建失败
if (fin.bad()){
return;
}
char ch;
//读取数据
while (fin.get(ch)){
cout << ch;
}
//关闭输入流
fin.close();
}
2、二进制文件
void main(){
char* src = "c://src.jpg";
char* dest = "c://dest.jpg";
//输入流
ifstream fin(src, ios::binary);
//输出流
ofstream fout(dest, ios::binary);
if (fin.bad() || fout.bad()){
return;
}
while (!fin.eof()){
//读取
char buff[1024] = {0};
fin.read(buff,1024);
//写入
fout.write(buff,1024);
}
//关闭
fin.close();
fout.close();
}
3、C++对象的持久化
class Person
{
public:
Person()
{
}
Person(char * name, int age)
{
this->name = name;
this->age = age;
}
void print()
{
cout << name << "," << age << endl;
}
private:
char * name;
int age;
};
void main()
{
Person p1("Hensen", 22);
Person p2("HensenBoy", 18);
//输出流
ofstream fout("c://c_obj.data", ios::binary);
fout.write((char*)(&p1), sizeof(Person));
fout.write((char*)(&p2), sizeof(Person));
fout.close();
//输入流
ifstream fin("c://c_obj.data", ios::binary);
Person tmp;
fin.read((char*)(&tmp), sizeof(Person));
tmp.print();
fin.read((char*)(&tmp), sizeof(Person));
tmp.print();
}
函数
1、函数的重载
函数可以传默认值参数,如果调用存在参数,则默认参数会被替代
void myprint(int x, int y = 9, int z = 8){
cout << x << endl;
}
//重载
void myprint(int x,bool ret){
cout << x << endl;
}
void main(){
myprint(20);
//覆盖默认参数的9和8
myprint(20,10,5);
}
2、可变参数函数
void func(int i,...)
{
//可变参数指针
va_list args_p;
//可变参数设置开始位置
//i表示可变参数的前一位参数,从i开始,后面的就是可变参数
va_start(args_p,i);
int a = va_arg(args_p,int);
char b = va_arg(args_p, char);
int c = va_arg(args_p, int);
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;
cout << c << endl;
//可变参数设置结束
va_end(args_p);
}
void main(){
//使用
func(9,20,'b',30);
}
可变参数也可以循环读取,但是必须保证所有数大于0使用
void func(int i,...)
{
va_list args_p;
//开始
va_start(args_p,i);
int value;
while (1){
value = va_arg(args_p,int);
if (value <= 0){
break;
}
cout << value << endl;
}
//结束
va_end(args_p);
}
3、静态属性和方法
class Teacher{
public:
char* name;
//计数器
static int total;
public:
Teacher(char* name){
this->name = name;
cout << "Teacher有参构造函数" << endl;
}
void setName(char* name){
this->name = name;
}
char* getName(){
return this->name;
}
//计数,静态函数
static void count(){
total++;
cout << total << endl;
}
};
//静态属性初始化赋值
int Teacher::total = 9;
void main(){
//静态变量的使用
Teacher::total++;
cout << Teacher::total << endl;
//静态方法的使用一
Teacher::count();
//静态方法的使用二
Teacher t1("Hensen");
t1.count();
}
4、常量对象和常函数
class Teacher{
private:
char* name;
int age;
public:
Teacher(char* name,int age){
this->name = name;
this->age = age;
cout << "Teacher有参构造函数" << endl;
}
//常函数,当前对象不能被修改,防止数据成员被非法访问
void myprint() const{
//不能通过this->name修改值
cout << this->name << "," << this->age << endl;
}
void myprint2(){
cout << this->name << "," << this->age << endl;
}
};
void main(){
//普通对象
Teacher t1("Hensen",20);
//常对象
const Teacher t2("rose", 18);
//普通对象可以调用常函数,也可以调用普通函数
t1.myprint();
//t2.myprint2(); 常量对象只能调用常量函数,不能调用非常量函数
t2.myprint();
}
虚函数
1、纯虚函数(类似于抽象类)
当一个类具有一个纯虚函数,这个类就是抽象类
抽象类不能实例化对象
子类继承抽象类,必须要实现纯虚函数,如果没有,子类也是抽象类
class Shape{
public:
//纯虚函数
virtual void sayArea() = 0;
void print(){
cout << "hi" << endl;
}
};
class Circle : public Shape{
public:
Circle(int r){
this->r = r;
}
//必须实现纯虚函数
void sayArea(){
cout << "圆的面积:" << (3.14 * r * r) << endl;
}
private:
int r;
};
void main(){
Circle c(10);
}
2、接口
//接口(只是逻辑上的划分,语法上跟抽象类的写法没有区别)
class Drawble{
virtual void draw();
};
模板函数
1、模板函数使用,相当于泛型
void myswap(int& a,int& b){
int tmp = 0;
tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
void myswap(char& a, char& b){
char tmp = 0;
tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
//可以将上面的函数抽取成模板函数
template <typename T>
void myswap(T& a, T& b){
T tmp = 0;
tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
void main(){
int a = 10, b = 20;
//使用时,根据实际类型,指定模板类型
myswap<int>(a,b);
}
模板类
1、模板类使用
template<class T>
class A{
public:
A(T a){
this->a = a;
}
protected:
T a;
};
void main(){
//实例化模板类对象
A<int> a(6);
}
2、普通类继承模板类
class B : public A<int>{
public:
B(int a,int b) : A<int>(a){
this->b = b;
}
private:
int b;
};
3、模板类继承模板类
template <class T>
class C : public A<T>{
public:
C(T c, T a) : A<T>(a){
this->c = c;
}
protected:
T c;
};
构造函数
函数分为三种
构造函数
析构函数
拷贝函数
1、无参构造函数和有参构造函数
class Teacher{
private:
char *name;
int age;
public:
//无参构造函数(无参构造函数会覆盖默认的无参构造函数)
Teacher(){
cout << "无参构造函数" << endl;
}
//有参构造函数会覆盖默认的构造函数
Teacher(char *name, int age){
this->name = name;
this->age = age;
cout << "有参构造函数" << endl;
}
};
void main(){
Teacher t1("Hensen",20);
//另外一种调用方式
Teacher t2 = Teacher("Hensen",21);
}
2、析构函数
class Teacher{
private:
char *name;
int age;
public:
//无参构造函数赋默认值
Teacher(){
this->name = (char*)malloc(100);
strcpy(name,"Hensen");
age = 20;
cout << "无参构造函数" << endl;
}
//析构函数写法
//当对象要被系统释放时,析构函数被调用,一般使用于程序的善后工作
~Teacher(){
cout << "析构" << endl;
//释放内存
free(this->name);
}
};
void func(){
Teacher t1;
}
void main(){
func();
}
3、拷贝构造函数
class Teacher{
private:
char *name;
int age;
public:
Teacher(char *name, int age){
this->name = name;
this->age = age;
cout << "有参构造函数" << endl;
}
//拷贝构造函数写法
//默认拷贝构造函数,就是值拷贝
Teacher(const Teacher &obj){
this->name = obj.name;
this->age = obj.age;
cout << "拷贝构造函数" << endl;
}
void myprint(){
cout << name << "," << age << endl;
}
};
Teacher func1(Teacher t){
t.myprint();
return t;
}
void main(){
Teacher t1("rose",20);
func1(t1);
//这里不会调用拷贝函数的
//Teacher t1 ;
//Teacher t2;
//t1 = t2;
}
拷贝构造函数被调用的场景:
声明时赋值:Teacher t2 = t1;
作为参数传入,实参给形参赋值:上面的写法就是
作为函数返回值返回,给变量初始化赋值:Teacher t3 = func1(t1);
4、拷贝函数的问题,浅拷贝(值拷贝)问题
class Teacher{
private:
char *name;
int age;
public:
Teacher(char *name, int age){
this->name = (char*)malloc(100);
strcpy(this->name,name);
this->age = age;
cout << "有参构造函数" << endl;
}
~Teacher(){
cout << "析构" << endl;
//释放内存
free(this->name);
}
void myprint(){
cout << name << "," << age << endl;
}
};
void func(){
Teacher t1("rose", 20);
Teacher t2 = t1;
}
void main(){
func();
}
这样的使用,会导致t1和t2都调用析构函数,导致同一份内存被释放两次,结果程序会报错
5、解决浅拷贝问题,使用深拷贝
深拷贝很好理解,其实就是将参数进行再一次分配内存,这样的程序就不会出错
class Teacher{
private:
char *name;
int age;
public:
Teacher(char *name, int age){
int len = strlen(name);
this->name = (char*)malloc(len+1);
strcpy(this->name, name);
this->age = age;
cout << "有参构造函数" << endl;
}
~Teacher(){
cout << "析构" << endl;
//释放内存
free(this->name);
}
//深拷贝
Teacher(const Teacher &obj){
int len = strlen(obj.name);
this->name = (char*)malloc(len+1);
strcpy(this->name,obj.name);
this->age = obj.age;
}
void myprint(){
cout << name << "," << age << endl;
}
};
void func(){
Teacher t1("rose", 20);
Teacher t2 = t1;
}
void main(){
func();
}
6、构造函数初始化属性写法
class Student{
private:
int id;
//属性对象可以直接的初始化
//Teacher t = Teacher("miss cang");
Teacher t1;
Teacher t2;
public:
//属性对象可以在这里间接的初始化
Student(int id,char *t1_n, char* t2_n) : t1(t1_n), t2(t2_n){
this->id = id;
cout << "Student有参构造函数" << endl;
}
void myprint(){
cout << id << "," << t1.getName() <<"," << t2.getName() << endl;
}
~Student(){
cout << "Student析构函数" << endl;
}
};
void func(){
Student s1(10, "miss xu", "mrs li");
Student s2(20, "miss ya", "mrs wang");
}
void main(){
func();
}
7、析构函数和构造函数的执行顺序
class Human{
public:
Human(char* name, int age){
this->name = name;
this->age = age;
cout << "Human 构造函数" << endl;
}
~Human(){
cout << "Human 析构函数" << endl;
}
protected:
char* name;
int age;
};
class Man : public Human{
public:
//给父类构造函数传参,同时给属性对象赋值
Man(char *brother, char *s_name, int s_age) : Human(s_name, s_age){
this->brother = brother;
cout << "Man 构造函数" << endl;
}
~Man(){
cout << "Man 析构函数" << endl;
}
private:
char* brother;
};
void func(){
Man m1("Hensen", "HensenBoy", 18);
}
void main(){
func();
}
输出结果是:父类构造函数先调用,子类的析构函数先调用
Human构造函数
Man构造函数
Man析构函数
Human析构函数
友元函数
友元函数:使得类的私有属性可以通过友元函数进行访问
1、友元函数
class A{
//友元函数声明
friend void modify_i(A *p, int a);
private:
int i;
public:
A(int i){
this->i = i;
}
void myprint(){
cout << i << endl;
}
};
//友元函数的实现
void modify_i(A *p, int a){
p->i = a;
}
void main(){
A* a = new A(10);
a->myprint();
modify_i(a,20);
a->myprint();
}
2、友元类
class A{
//友元类声明,表示B这个友元类可以访问A类的任何成员
friend class B;
private:
int i;
public:
A(int i){
this->i = i;
}
void myprint(){
cout << i << endl;
}
};
class B{
private:
A a;
public:
void accessAny(){
a.i = 30;
}
};
类型转换
C++类型转换分为4种
static_cast:类型转换,意图明显,增加可阅读性
const_cast:常量的转换,将常量取出,并可以对常量进行修改
dynamic_cast:子类类型转为父类类型
reinterpret_cast:函数指针转型,不具备移植性
1、static_cast的使用
void* func(int type){
switch (type){
case 1: {
int i = 9;
return &i;
}
case 2: {
int a = 'X';
return &a;
}
default:{
return NULL;
}
}
}
void func2(char* c_p){
cout << *c_p << endl;
}
void main(){
int i = 8;
double d = 9.5;
i = static_cast<int>(d);
//C的写法
//char* c_p = (char*)func(2);
//C++的写法
char* c_p = static_cast<char*>(func(2));
//C的写法
//func2((char*)(func(2)));
//C++的写法
func2(static_cast<char*>(func(2)));
}
2、const_cast的使用
void func(const char c[]){
//C的写法
//char* c_p = (char*)c;
//c_p[1] = 'X';
//C++的写法,提高了可读性
char* c_p = const_cast<char*>(c);
c_p[1] = 'Y';
cout << c << endl;
}
void main(){
char c[] = "hello";
func(c);
}
3、dynamic_cast的使用
class Person{
public:
virtual void print(){
cout << "人" << endl;
}
};
class Man : public Person{
public:
void print(){
cout << "男人" << endl;
}
void chasing(){
cout << "泡妞" << endl;
}
};
class Woman : public Person{
public:
void print(){
cout << "女人" << endl;
}
void carebaby(){
cout << "生孩子" << endl;
}
};
void func(Person* obj){
//C的写法,C只会调用传递过来的对象方法,并不知道转型失败这回事
//Man* m = (Man*)obj;
//m->print();
//C++的写法,dynamic_cast如果转型失败,会返回NULL,保证了代码的安全性
Man* m = dynamic_cast<Man*>(obj);
if (m != NULL){
m->chasing();
}
Woman* w = dynamic_cast<Woman*>(obj);
if (w != NULL){
w->carebaby();
}
}
void main(){
Woman w1;
Person *p1 = &w1;
//输出结果是生孩子
func(p1);
}
4、reinterpret_cast的使用
void func1(){
cout << "func1" << endl;
}
char* func2(){
cout << "func2" << endl;
return "abc";
}
typedef void(*f_p)();
void main(){
//函数指针数组
f_p f_array[6];
f_array[0] = func1;
//C的写法
//f_array[1] = (f_p)(func2);
//C++方式
f_array[1] = reinterpret_cast<f_p>(func2);
//调用方法
f_array[1]();
}
内存分配
1、C++ 通过new(delete)动态内存分配
使用new的方式:和malloc一样的功能,但是会自动调用构造函数
使用delete的方式:和free一样的功能,但是会自动调用析构函数
指针的malloc、free可以和new、delete互相掺杂使用,但是malloc、free不会调用构造函数和析构函数
class Teacher{
private:
char* name;
public:
Teacher(char* name){
this->name = name;
cout << "Teacher有参构造函数" << endl;
}
~Teacher(){
cout << "Teacher析构函数" << endl;
}
void setName(char* name){
this->name = name;
}
char* getName(){
return this->name;
}
};
void func(){
Teacher *t1 = new Teacher("jack");
cout << t1->getName() << endl;
delete t1;
}
void main(){
func();
}
运算符重载
1、运算符重载的写法一
class Point{
public:
int x;
int y;
public:
Point(int x = 0, int y = 0){
this->x = x;
this->y = y;
}
void myprint(){
cout << x << "," << y << endl;
}
};
//重载+号
Point operator+(Point &p1, Point &p2){
Point tmp(p1.x + p2.x, p1.y + p2.y);
return tmp;
}
//重载-号
Point operator-(Point &p1, Point &p2){
Point tmp(p1.x - p2.x, p1.y - p2.y);
return tmp;
}
void main(){
Point p1(10,20);
Point p2(20,10);
Point p3 = p1 + p2;
//输出结果30,30
p3.myprint();
}
2、运算符重载的写法二
class Point{
public:
int x;
int y;
public:
Point(int x = 0, int y = 0){
this->x = x;
this->y = y;
}
//成员函数,运算符重载
Point operator+(Point &p2){
Point tmp(this->x + p2.x, this->y + p2.y);
return tmp;
}
void myprint(){
cout << x << "," << y << endl;
}
};
void main(){
Point p1(10, 20);
Point p2(20, 10);
//运算符的重载,本质还是函数调用
//p1.operator+(p2)
Point p3 = p1 + p2;
p3.myprint();
}
3、通过友元函数和运算符重载访问私有变量
class Point{
friend Point operator+(Point &p1, Point &p2);
private:
int x;
int y;
public:
Point(int x = 0, int y = 0){
this->x = x;
this->y = y;
}
void myprint(){
cout << x << "," << y << endl;
}
};
Point operator+(Point &p1, Point &p2){
Point tmp(p1.x + p2.x, p1.y + p2.y);
return tmp;
}
void main(){
Point p1(10, 20);
Point p2(20, 10);
//运算符的重载,本质还是函数调用
//p1.operator+(p2)
Point p3 = p1 + p2;
p3.myprint();
}
其他
1、布尔类型(bool)
布尔类型的值大于0的都为true,布尔类型的值小于等于0的都为false
2、三目运算符
三目运算符可以作为参数进行赋值
int a = 10, b = 20;
((a > b) ? a : b) = 30;
1
2
3、指针常量与常量指针
指针常量(int *const p):指针的常量,表示不可以修改p的地址,但是可以修改p的内容
常量指针(const int *p):指向常量的指针,表示不可以修改p的内容,但是可以修改p的地址
4、指针函数与函数指针
指针函数(int *fun(x,y)):指向指针的函数,其实可以说是返回指针的函数
函数指针(int (*fun)(x,y);funa = fun;funb = fun;):指向函数的指针