type of failures and recovery

1、Responses to User Error: Point-in-Time Recovery and Flashback Features
A user or application make unwanted changes
Flashback Database
You must have a flash recovery area configured for logging for flashback database or guaranteed restore points.

2、a Response to Media Failure: Restore and Media Recovery
Media failures are less common than user or application errors
the strategy you use to recover from a corrupted datafile is different from the strategy for recovering from the loss of the control file.

The method of recovery from loss of all members of an online log group depends on a number of factors, such as:
The state of the database (open, crashed, closed consistently, and so on)
Whether the lost redo log group was current
Whether the lost redo log group was archived

If you lose the current group, and the database is not closed consistently (either it is open, or it has crashed), then you will have to restore an old backup and perform point-in-time recovery, followed by OPEN RESETLOGS. You will lose all transactions that were in the lost log.

If you lose the current redo log group, and if the database is closed consistently, then you can perform OPEN RESETLOGS with no transaction loss.

If you lose a noncurrent redo log group, then you can use the ALTER DATABASE CLEAR LOGFILE statement to re-create all members in the group. No transactions are lost.

3、a Response to Datafile Block Corruption: Block Media Recovery
If a small number of blocks within one or more datafiles are corrupt,The Recovery Manager BLOCKRECOVER command can be used to restore and recover specified data blocks while the database is open and the corrupted datafile is online.

4、only two type typically require dba intervention and media recovery: media failure and user error.
user error: an error in application logic or a manual mis_step,data in your database is changed and deleted incorrectly.
user error includes such missteps as dropping important table and deleting or changing the contents of a table.
while user training and careful management of privileges can prevent most user errors.
A media failure is the failure of a read or write of a disk file required to run the database.
including: redo log file (online and current),controlfiles,datafiles(system tablespace).
the appropriate recovery technique following a media failure depends on the files affected and the types of backup available.

5、Recovery Manager and user_managed backup and recovery. Recovery Manager is the preferred solution for database backup and recovery.

6、physical database structures used in recovering data
datafiles and data blocks/redo logs/undo segments/control files/

7、Basic Concepts:involves two phases:retrieving a copy of datafile from a backup ,and reapplying changes to the file since the backup from the archived and online redo logs, to bring the database to a desired SCN since the backup .
restore:retrieve the file onto disk from a backup location on tape,disk and other media.
recovery:also called performing recovery on a datafile,is to take a restored copy of the datafile and apply to it's changes
records in the database's redo logs,To recover a whole database is to perform recovery each of its datafiles.
process:by restoring the datafiles from the backup taken at SCN 100, then applying the transactions captured in the archived and online redo logs and undoing the uncomitted transactions.

8、Complete, Incomplete and Point-In-Time Recovery

9、conn rman
rman target "sys/sys" catalog rman/rman
rman catalog rman/rman "sys/sys"
rman nocatalog "sys/sys"