FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点

说完CTLE之后,大家不用猜都知道会讲FFE。的确,FFE(Feed Forward Equalization前向反馈均衡)和前面CTLE有一些相似之处,它们都是模拟的均衡器,同时也是线性的。当然说模拟,线性什么的比较抽象,实际上我认为它们还有更大的相似之处,先卖个关子,下面会描述到。

  FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点
还是按照上图这个结构分析,FFE的位置在发送端,它是利用波形本身来校正接收到的信号,而不是用波形的阈值(判决逻辑1或0 )进行校正。均衡器FFE的作用基本上类似于 FIR(有限脉冲响应)滤波器,它在校正当前比特电压时,使用的是前一个比特和当前比特的电压电平,加上校正因子(抽头系数),来校正当前比特的电压电平。一句话,就是当使用FFE时,是对实际采集到的波形执行均衡算法。
  FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点
那这种对发送的波形进行移位的加加减减,对接收端眼图真的会有改善吗?我们还是以仿真来说明下吧,仿真的速率为25Gbps,其中传输通道损耗如下:    
  FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点
无FFE均衡时发送波形和接收眼图如下:
     FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点
FFE均衡时发送波形和接收眼图如下:
    FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点
的确,使用加加减减之后奇怪波形作为发送端时,接收端眼图可以张开,反而采用原来正儿八经的波形发送,眼图却是闭合。

我们来看看接收端的波形,看看两者差异在哪?
    FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点
原来眼图闭合的原因和上期的CTLE文章类似,都是由于在长0或长1之后的变化位无法跨过本身的电平门限,也就是说在低频数据之后的高频变换数据由于衰减比较多,因此幅度无法从低频的高电压位拉到相反的正确电平范围内,因此导致“1”不到“1”,“0”不到“0”的情况,眼图自然就闭合了。

为什么文章开头说FFE和CTLE有更大的相似之处?在哪呢?我们把数据波形通过傅里叶变换转到频域上看,大家就知道了。

FFE均衡与否发送端数据和接收端数据的频域幅度分布如下:
FFE均衡技术的原理、作用及特点
原来,在发送端进行FFE均衡后,其实也相当于一个低通滤波器的效果,事先就把发送信号的低频部分衰减,这样的话在接收端高频和低频幅度的差异就变小了,因此有效的解决了ISI的问题,就能得到张开的眼图。
标题 Embedded wire feed forward equalization Embedded wire feed forward equalization Embedded wire feed forward equalization Embedded wire feed forward equalization Feed-forward optical equalization using an electro-optic modulator with a multi-segment electrode and distributed drivers Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Feed-forward optical equalization using an electro-optic modulator with a multi-segment electrode and distributed drivers Feed-forward optical equalization using an electro-optic modulator with a multi-segment electrode and distributed drivers Dual decision equalization method and device Feed-forward equalizer architectures Feed-forward equalizer architectures Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Feed forward equalizer and a method for analog equalization of a data signal On-demand feed forward equalizer with distributed arithmetic architecture and method Feed forward equalizer and a method for analog equalization of a data signal Decision feedback equalization implementation of partial-response signaling in a magnetic recording channel Sparse and reconfigurable floating tap feed forward equalization Sparse and reconfigurable floating tap feed forward equalization Feed-forward/feedback system and method for non-causal channel equalization Feed-forward/feedback system and method for non-causal channel equalization Dual decision equalization apparatus Nested feed-forward optical equalization using an electro-optic modulator with a multi-segment electrode Nested feed-forward optical equalization using an electro-optic modulator with a multi-segment electrode Modified gain non-causal channel equalization using feed-forward and feedback compensation System and method to enhance feed-forward equalization in a high-speed serial interface Systems and methods for performing combined equalization in communication systems Systems and methods for performing combined equalization in communication systems Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication External dqs bi-directional loopback with use of feed forward equalization path External DQS bi-directional loopback with use of feed forward equalization path Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Feed-forward equalization in a receiver Feed-forward equalization in a receiver Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Method and apparatus for block-wise decision-feedback equalization for wireless communication Feed forward equalizer controlled by FEC correction rates Feed forward equalizer controlled by FEC correction rates Method and apparatus for adaptive dual decision equalization in multipath fading channels Method and apparatus for adaptive dual decision equalization in multipath fading channels Equalization amplifier Method And System For A Distributed Mach-Zehnder Interferometer With Integrated Feed Forward Equalizer Self calibrating transmit path correction system Adaptive turbo decision feedback equalization method and device Equalizer and method applied thereto Equalizer and method applied thereto Adaptive turbo decision feedback equalization method and device Adaptive equalizers and methods for carrying out equalization with a precoded transmitter Single-carrier receiver having a channel equalizer interacting with a Trellis decoder and a channel equalization method therefor Decision feedback equalizer and control method thereof Decision Feedback Equalizer and Control Method Thereof Single-carrier receiver having a channel equalizer interacting with a Trellis decoder and a channel equalization method therefor Method of equalization in digital mobile communication with improved tracking ability Feed-forward equalizer architectures Receiver for high rate digital communication system Feed-forward DC restoration in a perpendicular magnetic read channel Feed-forward DC restoration in a perpendicular magnetic read channel Receiver for high rate digital communication system Equalization system and method thereof Equalization system and method thereof Equalization device and equalizing method thereof Feed-forward equalizer architectures Equalization device and equalizing method thereof Feed forward equalizer with power-optimized distributed arithmetic architecture and method Method and system for low-power integrating decision feedback equalizer with fast switched-capacitor feed forward path Methods and 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