python基础学习之基本数据类型/工厂函数 type/序列基本操作索引切偏片连接重复/for循环迭代对象 range语句/输入语句/列表推导式/字典迭代和基本操作

1.知识树

 

2.基础类型

int float str boolean

complex 1+12j

list  [1,”abc”]  

tuple（1，“abc”）

 set {a,”bc”,123}

dict  {“abc”:1,”c”:2}

type查看当前变量类型

name, age, gender = user
print(name)
print(age)
print(gender)
a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

3.python中的工厂函数举例如下：

1》int(),long(),float(),complex(),bool()

>>> a=int(9.9)
>>> a
9

>>> b=long(45)
>>> b
45L

>>> f=float(8)
>>> f
8.0

>>> c=complex(8)
>>> c
(8+0j)

>>> b1=bool(7.9)
>>> b1
True
>>> b2=bool(0.0)
>>> b2
False
>>> b3=bool([])
>>> b2
False
>>> b4=bool((34,5))
>>> b4
True

2》str()

>>> s=str(9.9)
>>> s
'9.9'

3》list(),tuple()：生成列表或者元组

>>> l=list('python')
>>> l
['p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']

>>> t=tuple('python')
>>> t
('p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n')

4》type()：查看类型   

>>> type(6)
<type 'int'>
>>> type('python')
<type 'str'>

>>> type(u'love')
<type 'unicode'>
>>> class A():
...     pass
... 
>>> a=A()
>>> type(a)
<type 'instance'>
>>> type(A)
<type 'classobj'>

5》dict()：生成一个字典

>>> dict()
{}
>>> dict(one=1,two=2)
{'two': 2, 'one': 1}

>>> dict(zip(('one','two'),(1,2)))
{'two': 2, 'one': 1}
>>> dict([('one',1),('two',2)])
{'two': 2, 'one': 1}

>>> dict([['one',1],['two',2]])
{'two': 2, 'one': 1}
>>> dict((('one',1),('two',2)))
{'two': 2, 'one': 1}

>>> dict((['one',1],['two',2]))
{'two': 2, 'one': 1}

6》set():   生产可变集合

>>> s=set('python')
>>> s

{'n', 'p', 'o', 'y', 't', 'h'}

>>> s.add(523)#可变集合
>>> s

{'y', 't', 523, 'n', 'h', 'o', 'p'}

zodiac_day = filter(lambda  x: x>=(month, day), zodiac_days)
print(zodiac_day)
print(list(zodiac_day) )
fdict = dict(x=1,y=2) # factory mode
print(fdict)
fdict = dict([['x', 1], ['y', 2]])
print(fdict)
fdict = dict((['x', 1], ['y', 2]))

print(fdict)
fdict = dict([('x', 1), ('y', 2)])
print(fdict)
fdict = dict((('x', 1), ('y', 2)))
print(fdict)

3.输入语句

x = int(input("please input an number"))

4.list常用方法 append  appendleft pop  insert remove sort count

value = [1,2 ,3,2,2,2]
for element in value:
    print(element)

print(value.count(2))
value.sort()
print(value)
print(id(value))

 

要按排序后的顺序循环序列的话，使用 sorted() 函数，它不改动原序列，而是生成一个新的已排序的序列:

>>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana']
>>> for f in sorted(set(basket)):
...     print(f)
...
apple
banana
orange
pear

5.序列的切片 索引 连接 重复 in not in

string = 'xiaoyi' # get value by index
print(type(string))
# copy = string[0] + string[1] + string[2:6] # note: [2:6] means [2 5] or[2 6)
# print(copy)
# copy = string[:4] # start from 1
# print(copy)
# copy = string[2:] # to end
# print(copy)
# copy = string[::1] # step is 1, from start to end
# print(copy)
# copy = string[::2] # step is 2
# print(copy)
# copy = string[-1] # means 'i', the last one
# print(copy)
copy = string[-4:-2:-1] # means 'yoa', -1 step controls direction
print(copy)

6.分支语句

if elif else分支 再if/elif/else后加冒号：后面括号内语句要缩进4个空格
i = int(input("please input a number"))
if i <2:
    print("small")
elif i==2:
    print("medium")
elif i==3:
    print("bigger")
else:
    print("largest")

if not True:
    print(" if option")
else:
    print("else option")

 

while False:
    print("hello")
    x = int(input("please input an number"))
    if x == 1:
        break
else:
    print("enter while else option")

7.for语句

value = [1,2 ,3,2,2,2]

for element in value:

    print(element)

zodiac_name = (u'摩羯座', u'水瓶座', u'双鱼座', u'白羊座', u'金牛座', u'双子座',
           u'巨蟹座', u'狮子座', u'处女座', u'天秤座', u'天蝎座', u'射手座')
zodiac_days = ((1, 20), (2, 19), (3, 21), (4, 21), (5, 21), (6, 22),
              (7, 23), (8, 23), (9, 23), (10, 23), (11, 23), (12, 23))

for element in zodiac_name:
    print(element)

for element in zodiac_days:
    print(element)

for i in range(12):
    print("月份%s月 是%s" %(i, zodiac_name[i%12]))

range

1. # range(start, end, step), if not set step, default is 1,   
2. # if not set start, default is 0, should be noted that it is [start, end), not [start, end]  
3. range(5) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]  
4. range(1, 5) # [1, 2, 3, 4]  
5. range(1, 10, 2) # [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]  
6. for i in range(1, 100, 1):   
7.     print i  

1. dic.items() # return [(1, 111), (2, 222), (5, 555)]  
2. for key,value in dic.items(): # because we can: a,b=[1,2]  
3.     print key, ': ', value  
4. else:  
5.     print 'ending'  

8.使用字典 字典的方法items keys  vaules

直接添加键值对 [''] = xxx

取值 ['']

取所有键  keys()

>>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139}
>>> tel['guido'] = 4127
>>> tel
{'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
>>> tel['jack']
4098
>>> del tel['sape']
>>> tel['irv'] = 4127
>>> tel
{'guido': 4127, 'irv': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
>>> list(tel.keys())
['irv', 'guido', 'jack']

在字典中循环时，关键字和对应的值可以使用 items() 方法同时解读出来:

>>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'}
>>> for k, v in knights.items():
...     print(k, v)
...
gallahad the pure
robin the brave

9.列表推导式

列表推导式由包含一个表达式的括号组成，表达式后面跟随一个 for 子句，之后可以有零或多个 for 或 if 子句。结果是一个列表，由表达式依据其后面的 for 和 if 子句上下文计算而来的结果构成。

>>> squares = []
>>> for x in range(10):
...     squares.append(x**2)
...
>>> squares
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

等价于

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

ddict = {}
blist = [1,2,3]
clist = [3,1,4]
for x in blist
    for y in clist
        if x!= y:
            ddict.append((x, y)
print(ddict)  

>>> [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y]
[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]