1. 简介
在上一篇 ThreadLocal详解 中,我们详细介绍了ThreadLocal原理及设计,从源码层面上分析了ThreadLocal。但由于ThreadLocal设计之初就是为了绑定当前线程,如果希望当前线程的ThreadLocal能够被子线程使用,实现方式就会相当困难(需要用户自己在代码中传递)。在此背景下,InheritableThreadLocal应运而生。
Inheritable thread-local variables are used in preference to ordinary thread-local variables when the per-thread-attribute being maintained in the variable (e.g., User ID, Transaction ID) must be automatically transmitted to any child threads that are created.
2. 应用
调用链追踪:在调用链系统设计中,为了优化系统运行速度,会使用多线程编程,为了保证调用链ID能够自然的在多线程间传递,需要考虑ThreadLocal传递问题(大多数系统会使用线程池技术,这已经不仅仅是InheritableThreadLocal能够解决的了,我会在另外一篇文章中介绍相关技术实现)。
3. InheritableThreadLocal类
InheritableThreadLocal类重写了ThreadLocal的3个函数:
/**
* 该函数在父线程创建子线程,向子线程复制InheritableThreadLocal变量时使用
*/
protected T childValue(T parentValue) {
return parentValue;
}
/**
* 由于重写了getMap,操作InheritableThreadLocal时,
* 将只影响Thread类中的inheritableThreadLocals变量,
* 与threadLocals变量不再有关系
*/
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.inheritableThreadLocals;
}
/**
* 类似于getMap,操作InheritableThreadLocal时,
* 将只影响Thread类中的inheritableThreadLocals变量,
* 与threadLocals变量不再有关系
*/
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.inheritableThreadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
4. 线程间传值实现原理
说到InheritableThreadLocal,还要从Thread类说起:
public class Thread implements Runnable {
......(其他源码)
/*
* 当前线程的ThreadLocalMap,主要存储该线程自身的ThreadLocal
*/
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
/*
* InheritableThreadLocal,自父线程集成而来的ThreadLocalMap,
* 主要用于父子线程间ThreadLocal变量的传递
* 本文主要讨论的就是这个ThreadLocalMap
*/
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap inheritableThreadLocals = null;
......(其他源码)
}
Thread类中包含 threadLocals 和 inheritableThreadLocals 两个变量,其中 inheritableThreadLocals 即主要存储可自动向子线程中传递的ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap。
接下来看一下父线程创建子线程的流程,我们从最简单的方式说起:
4.1 用户创建Thread
Thread thread = new Thread();
4.2 Thread创建
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (null, null, gname)}, where {@code gname} is a newly generated
* name. Automatically generated names are of the form
* {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
*/
public Thread() {
init(null, null, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
4.3 Thread初始化
/**
* 默认情况下,设置inheritThreadLocals可传递
*/
private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize) {
init(g, target, name, stackSize, null, true);
}
/**
* 初始化一个线程.
* 此函数有两处调用,
* 1、上面的 init(),不传AccessControlContext,inheritThreadLocals=true
* 2、传递AccessControlContext,inheritThreadLocals=false
*/
private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize, AccessControlContext acc,
boolean inheritThreadLocals) {
......(其他代码)
if (inheritThreadLocals && parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)
this.inheritableThreadLocals =
ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);
......(其他代码)
}
可以看到,采用默认方式产生子线程时,inheritThreadLocals=true;若此时父线程inheritableThreadLocals不为空,则将父线程inheritableThreadLocals传递至子线程。
4.4 ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap
让我们继续追踪createInheritedMap:
static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);
}
/**
* 构建一个包含所有parentMap中Inheritable ThreadLocals的ThreadLocalMap
* 该函数只被 createInheritedMap() 调用.
*/
private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;
int len = parentTable.length;
setThreshold(len);
// ThreadLocalMap 使用 Entry[] table 存储ThreadLocal
table = new Entry[len];
// 逐一复制 parentMap 的记录
for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
Entry e = parentTable[j];
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
ThreadLocal<Object> key = (ThreadLocal<Object>) e.get();
if (key != null) {
// 可能会有同学好奇此处为何使用childValue,而不是直接赋值,
// 毕竟childValue内部也是直接将e.value返回;
// 个人理解,主要为了减轻阅读代码的难度
Object value = key.childValue(e.value);
Entry c = new Entry(key, value);
int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
while (table[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
table[h] = c;
size++;
}
}
}
}
从ThreadLocalMap可知,子线程将parentMap中的所有记录逐一复制至自身线程。
5. 总结
InheritableThreadLocal主要用于子线程创建时,需要自动继承父线程的ThreadLocal变量,方便必要信息的进一步传递。