oracle的sql用with递归分析

Oracle提供的WITH递归并不仅仅是树形查询的一个重复,事实上利用递归WITH语句可以提供更加灵活的树形查询功能。

下面就介绍CYCLE语句,这个语句不仅可以实现树形查询的CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE和CONNEC BY NOCYCLE的功能,还提供了更加强大的功能。

SQL> SELECT * FROM V$VERSION;

BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE    11.2.0.1.0      Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

SQL> CREATE TABLE T_TREE (
  2  ID NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, 
  3  FATHER_ID NUMBER, 
  4  NAME VARCHAR2(30));

表已创建。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (1, 0, 'A');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (2, 1, 'BC');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (3, 1, 'DE');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (4, 1, 'FG');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (5, 2, 'HIJ');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (6, 4, 'KLM');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (7, 6, 'NOPQ');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (8, 5, 'RSTU');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> COMMIT;

提交完成。

SQL> SELECT * FROM T_TREE;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME
---------- ---------- ------------------------------
         1          0 A
         2          1 BC
         3          1 DE
         4          1 FG
         5          2 HIJ
         6          4 KLM
         7          6 NOPQ
         8          5 RSTU

已选择8行。

修改记录1使其的FATHER_ID指向自己,然后执行递归WITH查询:

SQL> UPDATE T_TREE SET FATHER_ID = 1 WHERE ID = 1;

已更新 1 行。

SQL> SELECT * FROM T_TREE;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME
---------- ---------- ------------------------------
         1          1 A
         2          1 BC
         3          1 DE
         4          1 FG
         5          2 HIJ
         6          4 KLM
         7          6 NOPQ
         8          5 RSTU

已选择8行。

SQL> WITH A (ID, FATHER_ID, NAME) AS
  2  (SELECT ID, FATHER_ID, NAME 
  3  FROM T_TREE 
  4  WHERE ID = 1
  5  UNION ALL
  6  SELECT B.ID, B.FATHER_ID, B.NAME
  7  FROM A, T_TREE B
  8  WHERE A.ID = B.FATHER_ID)
  9  SELECT * FROM A;
ERROR:
ORA-32044: 执行递归 WITH 查询时检测到循环

 

未选定行

没有使用CYCLE语句的递归WITH查询报错,下面利用CYCLE避免循环导致的错误:

SQL> WITH A (ID, FATHER_ID, NAME) AS
  2  (SELECT ID, FATHER_ID, NAME 
  3  FROM T_TREE 
  4  WHERE ID = 1
  5  UNION ALL
  6  SELECT B.ID, B.FATHER_ID, B.NAME
  7  FROM A, T_TREE B
  8  WHERE A.ID = B.FATHER_ID)
  9  CYCLE ID SET DUP_ID TO 'Y' DEFAULT 'N'
 10  SELECT * FROM A;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME                           D
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ -
         1          1 A                              N
         1          1 A                              Y
         2          1 BC                             N
         3          1 DE                             N
         4          1 FG                             N
         5          2 HIJ                            N
         6          4 KLM                            N
         7          6 NOPQ                           N
         8          5 RSTU                           N

已选择9行。

需要注意的是,这个结果和使用CONNECT BY NOCYCLE得到的结果并不一致,ID为1的记录会出现两次:

SQL> SELECT A.*, CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE FLAG
  2  FROM T_TREE A
  3  START WITH ID = 1
  4  CONNECT BY NOCYCLE PRIOR ID = FATHER_ID;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME                                 FLAG
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ ----------
         1          1 A                                       1
         2          1 BC                                      0
         5          2 HIJ                                     0
         8          5 RSTU                                    0
         3          1 DE                                      0
         4          1 FG                                      0
         6          4 KLM                                     0
         7          6 NOPQ                                    0

已选择8行。

不过这并不会造成任何的影响,通过过滤结果集,可以很容易的获得NOCYCLE得到的结果。

除了ID和FATHER_ID相同的情况,如果树形查询构成一个环路,同样可以用CYCLE语句解决:

SQL> UPDATE T_TREE SET FATHER_ID = 7 WHERE ID = 1;

已更新 1 行。

SQL> WITH A (ID, FATHER_ID, NAME) AS
  2  (SELECT ID, FATHER_ID, NAME 
  3  FROM T_TREE 
  4  WHERE ID = 1
  5  UNION ALL
  6  SELECT B.ID, B.FATHER_ID, B.NAME
  7  FROM A, T_TREE B
  8  WHERE A.ID = B.FATHER_ID)
  9  CYCLE ID SET DUP_ID TO 'Y' DEFAULT 'N'
 10  SELECT * FROM A;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME                           D
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ -
         1          7 A                              N
         2          1 BC                             N
         3          1 DE                             N
         4          1 FG                             N
         5          2 HIJ                            N
         6          4 KLM                            N
         7          6 NOPQ                           N
         8          5 RSTU                           N
         1          7 A                              Y

已选择9行。

而且CYCLE语句不仅仅可以判断当前CONNECT BY是否出现循环,还可以判断同一个分支上的任意一列是否出现过重复数据:

SQL> UPDATE T_TREE SET FATHER_ID = 0 WHERE ID = 1;

已更新 1 行。

SQL> INSERT INTO T_TREE VALUES (9, 2 ,'BC');

已创建 1 行。

SQL> SELECT * FROM T_TREE;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME
---------- ---------- ------------------------------
         9          2 BC
         1          0 A
         2          1 BC
         3          1 DE
         4          1 FG
         5          2 HIJ
         6          4 KLM
         7          6 NOPQ
         8          5 RSTU

已选择9行。

SQL> WITH A (ID, FATHER_ID, NAME) AS
  2  (SELECT ID, FATHER_ID, NAME 
  3  FROM T_TREE 
  4  WHERE ID = 1
  5  UNION ALL
  6  SELECT B.ID, B.FATHER_ID, B.NAME
  7  FROM A, T_TREE B
  8  WHERE A.ID = B.FATHER_ID)
  9  CYCLE NAME SET DUP_NAME TO 'Y' DEFAULT 'N'
 10  SELECT * FROM A;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME                           D
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ -
         1          0 A                              N
         2          1 BC                             N
         3          1 DE                             N
         4          1 FG                             N
         9          2 BC                             Y
         5          2 HIJ                            N
         6          4 KLM                            N
         7          6 NOPQ                           N
         8          5 RSTU                           N

已选择9行。

SQL> UPDATE T_TREE SET FATHER_ID = 5 WHERE ID = 9;

已更新 1 行。

SQL> WITH A (ID, FATHER_ID, NAME) AS
  2  (SELECT ID, FATHER_ID, NAME 
  3  FROM T_TREE 
  4  WHERE ID = 1
  5  UNION ALL
  6  SELECT B.ID, B.FATHER_ID, B.NAME
  7  FROM A, T_TREE B
  8  WHERE A.ID = B.FATHER_ID)
  9  CYCLE NAME SET DUP_NAME TO 'Y' DEFAULT 'N'
 10  SELECT * FROM A;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME                           D
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ -
         1          0 A                              N
         2          1 BC                             N
         3          1 DE                             N
         4          1 FG                             N
         5          2 HIJ                            N
         6          4 KLM                            N
         9          5 BC                             Y
         7          6 NOPQ                           N
         8          5 RSTU                           N

已选择9行。

这里判断的是NAME列,只要在树的同一个树杈上NAME列出现重复,就会导致CYCLE的标识列为Y。

如果出现重复的列处于两个不同的树杈上,则不会导致CYCLE为Y:

SQL> UPDATE T_TREE SET NAME = 'DE' WHERE ID = 9;

已更新 1 行。

SQL> WITH A (ID, FATHER_ID, NAME) AS
  2  (SELECT ID, FATHER_ID, NAME 
  3  FROM T_TREE 
  4  WHERE ID = 1
  5  UNION ALL
  6  SELECT B.ID, B.FATHER_ID, B.NAME
  7  FROM A, T_TREE B
  8  WHERE A.ID = B.FATHER_ID)
  9  CYCLE NAME SET DUP_NAME TO 'Y' DEFAULT 'N'
 10  SELECT * FROM A;

        ID  FATHER_ID NAME                           D
---------- ---------- ------------------------------ -
         1          0 A                              N
         2          1 BC                             N
         3          1 DE                             N
         4          1 FG                             N
         5          2 HIJ                            N
         6          4 KLM                            N
         9          5 DE                             N
         7          6 NOPQ                           N
         8          5 RSTU                           N

已选择9行。

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