赶时髦过了一遍Swift 语言....

Swift 语言        2014年6月3日发布，替代OBJECT-C        Swift is  a new  programming language for  creating iOS and OS X apps. Swift builds on  the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility. Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible, and more fun. Swift’s clean slate, backed by  the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is  an opportunity to reimagine how software development works.   文档        https: //itunes.apple.com/us/book/the-swift-programming-language/id881256329?mt=11        http: //download.csdn.net/detail/surfsky/7440835     helloWorld      println( "Hello, world" )     ------------------------------------------------------------- 基础 ------------------------------------------------------------- 注释      //      /**/   分号      单行无需加分号      多个语句放在一行，需要加分号     变量      var  myVariable = 42   常量      let  myConstant = 42      let  explicitDouble: Double = 70     ------------------------------------------------------------- 数据类型 ------------------------------------------------------------- 数字类型      类型            Int: Int32, Int64            UInt: UInt32, Uint64            Double            Float      各种表示方法        let  decimalInteger = 17        let  binaryInteger = 0b10001 // 17 in binary notation        let  octalInteger = 0o21 // 17 in octal notation        let  hexadecimalInteger = 0x11 // 17 in hexadecimal notation        let  decimalDouble = 12.1875        let  exponentDouble = 1.21875e1        let  hexadecimalDouble = 0xC.3p0        let  paddedDouble = 000123.456        let  oneMillion = 1_000_000   布尔（boolean）      let  orangesAreOrange = true      let  turnipsAreDelicious = false   向量      let  (statusCode, statusMessage) = (404, "Not Found" )      let  (x, y) = (1, 2)      let  http200Status = (statusCode: 200, description: "OK" )      println( "The status code is \(http200Status.statusCode)" )   字符串      let  label = "The width is "      let  width = 94      let  widthLabel = label + String(width)      字符串相加          let  apples = 3          let  oranges = 5          let  appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."          let  fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit." 数组      var  shoppingList = [ "catfish" , "water" , "tulips" , "blue paint" ]      shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"      var  occupations = [ "Malcolm" : "Captain" , "Kaylee" : "Mechanic" ,]      occupations[ "Jayne" ] = "Public Relations"      let  emptyArray = String[]()      shoppingList = []   字典      let  emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()      emptyDictionary = [:]     空（nil）和可为空对象      var  serverResponseCode: Int? = 404      serverResponseCode = nil      ----------------------------------------------         let  possibleString: String? = "An optional string."      println(possibleString!)      let  assumedString: String! = "An implicitly unwrapped optional string."      println(assumedString)                 ------------------------------------------------------------- 数据流 ------------------------------------------------------------- if      if  i == 1 {          // this example will compile successfully      }     switch      let  vegetable = "red pepper"      switch  vegetable      {          case  "celery" :              let  vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."          case  "cucumber" , "watercress" :              let  vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."          case  let  x where  x.hasSuffix( "pepper" ):              let  vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"          default :              let  vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."      }     for      var  firstForLoop = 0      for  var  i = 0; i < 3; ++i {          firstForLoop += 1      }      for  i in  0..3 {          firstForLoop += i      }     for (遍历数组)      let  individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]      var  teamScore = 0      for  score in  individualScores {          if  score > 50 {              teamScore += 3          } else  {              teamScore += 1          }      }       for (遍历字典)      let  interestingNumbers = [          "Prime" : [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],          "Fibonacci" : [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],          "Square" : [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],      ]      var  largest = 0      for  (kind, numbers) in  interestingNumbers {          for  number in  numbers {              if  number > largest {                  largest = number              }          }      }       while      var  n = 2      while  n < 100 {          n = n * 2      }   do ... while      var  m = 2      do  {          m = m * 2      } while  m < 100             断言（assert）      let  age = -3      assert(age >= 0, "A person's age cannot be less than zero" )         ------------------------------------------------------------- 函数 ------------------------------------------------------------- 函数定义和调用      func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {          return  "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."      }      greet( "Bob" , "Tuesday" )     返回多个数据      func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {          return  (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)      }      getGasPrices()   不限个数参数      func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {          var  sum = 0          for  number in  numbers {              sum += number          }          return  sum      }      sumOf()      sumOf(42, 597, 12)     嵌套函数      func returnFifteen() -> Int {          var  y = 10          func add() {              y += 5          }          add()          return  y      }      returnFifteen()     返回函数变量      func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {          func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {              return  1 + number          }          return  addOne      }      var  increment = makeIncrementer()      increment(7)   函数作为输入参数（类似lambda表达式）      func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {          for  item in  list {              if  condition(item) {                  return  true              }          }          return  false      }      func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {          return  number < 10      }      var  numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]      hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)   闭包      numbers.map({          (number: Int) -> Int in          let  result = 3 * number          return  result      })   用编号替代名字      sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }     ------------------------------------------------------------- 对象和类 ------------------------------------------------------------- 类定义      class  Shape {          var  numberOfSides: Int = 0          var  name: String          init(name: String) {              self.name = name          }          func simpleDescription() -> String {              return  "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."          }      }   使用      var  shape = Shape()      shape.numberOfSides = 7      var  shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()     self/super      self  -> this      super -> parent         继承      class  Square: NamedShape {          var  sideLength: Double          init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {              self.sideLength = sideLength              super.init(name: name)              numberOfSides = 4          }          func area() -> Double {              return  sideLength * sideLength          }          override  func simpleDescription() -> String {              return  "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."          }      }      let  test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square" )      test.area()      test.simpleDescription()   属性      var  perimeter: Double {          get  { return  3.0 * sideLength}          set  {sideLength = newValue / 3.0}      }     方法重载      override  func simpleDescription() -> String {          return  "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."      }   willSet和didSet（属性的值设置前后处理）      var  triangle: EquilateralTriangle {          willSet {              square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength          }      }   可为空对象方法调用      let  optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square" )      let  sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength   泛型

struct Pair<T: Equatable> {
    let a: T!
    let b: T!
    init(a: T, b: T) {
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
    }
    func equal() -> Bool {
        return a == b
    }
}

let pair = Pair(a: 5, b: 10)
pair.a // 5
pair.b // 10
pair.equal() // false
 

let floatPair = Pair(a: 3.14159, b: 2.0)
floatPair.a // 3.14159
floatPair.b // 2.0
floatPair.equal() // false

 

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------------------------------------------------------------- 枚举和结构体 ------------------------------------------------------------- 枚举      enum  Rank: Int {          case  Ace = 1          case  Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten          case  Jack, Queen, King                func simpleDescription() -> String {              switch  self {                  case  .Ace:                                         return  "ace"                                case  .Jack:                                      return  "jack"                                 case  .Queen:                                       return  "queen"                                case  .King:                                        return  "king"                                 default :                                           return  String(self.toRaw())               }          }      }      let  ace = Rank.Ace                let  aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()      if  let  convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {          let  threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()      }     看得有点晕      enum  ServerResponse {          case  Result(String, String)          case  Error(String)      }      let  success = ServerResponse.Result( "6:00 am" , "8:09 pm" )      let  failure = ServerResponse.Error( "Out of cheese." )            switch  success {          case  let  .Result(sunrise, sunset):          let  serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."          case  let  .Error(error):      }     结构体      struct  Card {          var  rank: Rank          var  suit: Suit          func simpleDescription() -> String {              return  "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"          }      }      let  threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)      let  threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()