API( Application Programming Interface ),我想大家不会陌生,它是我们Windows编程的常客,虽然基于.Net平台的C#有了强大的类库,但是,我们还是不能否认API在Windows编程中的重要性.大多数的编程语言都支持API编程,而.Net平台中的MFC(Microsoft Foundation Class Library)构架本身就封装了大部分的API.
做为程序员,我们需要了解API从字面上了解便是编程接口,因此,做为开发者,需要了解的只是API的使用方法.
API根据操作系统、处理器及功能性的不同而拥有很多不同的类型. 操作系统特用的API:
每种操作系统都有许多通用的API以及一些特用的API,这些特用的API只能在当前操作系统中执行.
例如:
Windows NT 支持 MS-DOS, Win16, Win32, POSIX ( Portable Operating System Interface ), OS/2 console API; 而 Windows 95 支持 MS-DOS, Win16 以及 Win32 APIs.
Win16 & Win32 API:
Win16是为十六位处理器开发的,早期的操作系统均支持.
Win32则是为32位处理器开发.它可移植性强,被大部分的处理器所支持.
Win32 API在库名后有一个”32”后缀.比如KERNEL32,USER32等.
所有API在下面3个库中得以运行:
Kernel
User
GDI
1. KERNEL
他的库名为 KERNEL32.DLL, 他主要用于产生与操作系统之间的关联:
程序加载
上下文选择.
文件输入输出.
内存管理.
例如: GlobalMemoryStatus 函数就包括当前物理内存及虚拟内存的使用信息.
2. USER
这个类库在Win32中名叫 USER32.DLL.
它允许管理全部的用户接口,比如:
窗口
菜单
对话框
图标等.,
例如: DrawIcon 函数将在指定的设备关联上“画”出图标或者鼠标.
3. GDI ( Graphical Device Interface )
它在Win32中的库名为:GDI32.dll,它是图形输出库.使用GDI Windows“画”出窗口、菜单以及对话框等:
它能创建图形输出.
它也能保存图形文件.
例如: CreateBitmap 函数就能通过指定的长、宽、颜色创建一个位图.
C# 中操作API :
作为初学者来说,在C#中使用API确是一件令人头疼的问题.在使用API之间你必须知道如何在C#中使用结构、类型转换、安全/不安全代码,可控/不可控代码等许多知识.
一切从简单开始,复杂的大家一时不能接受.我们就从实现一个简单的MessageBox开始.首先打开VS.Net ,创建一个新的C#工程,并添加一个Button按钮.当这个按钮被点击,则显示一个MessageBox对话框.
即然我们需要引用外来库,所以必须导入一个Namespace:
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
接着添加下面的代码来声明一个API:
[DllImport( "User32.dll" )]
public static extern int MessageBox( int h, string m, string c, int type );
此处DllImport属性被用来从不可控代码中调用一方法.”User32.dll”则设定了类库名.DllImport属性指定dll的位置,这个dll中包括调用的外部方法.Static修饰符则声明一个静态元素,而这个元素属于类型本身而不是上面指定的对象.extern则表示这个方法将在工程外部执行,使用DllImport导入的方法必须使用extern修饰符.
MessageBox 则是函数名,拥有4个参数,其返回值为数字.
大多数的API都能传递并返回值.
添中Click点击事件代码:
protected void button1_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
MessageBox ( 0,"API Message Box","API Demo",0 );
}
编译并运行这个程序,当你点击按钮后,你将会看到对话框,这便是你使用的API函数.
使用结构体
操作带有结构体的API比使用简单的API要复杂的多.但是一旦你掌握了API的过程,那个整个API世界将在你的掌握之中.
下面的例子中我们将使用GetSystemInfo API 来获取整个系统的信息.
第一步还是打开C#建立一个Form工程,同样的添中一个Button按钮,在代码窗中输入下面的代码,导入Namespace:
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
声明一个结构体,它将做为GetSystemInfo的一个参数:
[StructLayout( LayoutKind.Sequential )]
public struct SYSTEM_INFO {
public uint dwOemId;
public uint dwPageSize;
public uint lpMinimumApplicationAddress;
public uint lpMaximumApplicationAddress;
public uint dwActiveProcessorMask;
public uint dwNumberOfProcessors;
public uint dwProcessorType;
public uint dwAllocationGranularity;
public uint dwProcessorLevel;
public uint dwProcessorRevision;
}
声明API函数:
[DllImport( "kernel32" )]
static extern void GetSystemInfo( ref SYSTEM_INFO pSI );
添加下面的代码至按钮的点击事件处理中:
首先创建一个SYSTEM_INFO结构体,并将其传递给GetSystemInfo函数.
protected void button1_Click ( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
try
{
SYSTEM_INFO pSI = new SYSTEM_INFO( );
GetSystemInfo( ref pSI );
//
//
//
一旦你接收到返回的结构体,那么就可以以返回的参数来执行操作了.
e.g.listBox1.InsertItem ( 0,pSI.dwActiveProcessorMask.ToString( ) );:
//
//
//
}
catch( Exception er )
{
MessageBox.Show ( er.Message );
}
}
调用API全部代码
//Created By Ajit Mungale
//程序补充 飞刀
namespace UsingAPI
{
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.WinForms;
using System.Data;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
//Struct 收集系统信息
[StructLayout( LayoutKind.Sequential )]
public struct SYSTEM_INFO {
public uint dwOemId;
public uint dwPageSize;
public uint lpMinimumApplicationAddress;
public uint lpMaximumApplicationAddress;
public uint dwActiveProcessorMask;
public uint dwNumberOfProcessors;
public uint dwProcessorType;
public uint dwAllocationGranularity;
public uint dwProcessorLevel;
public uint dwProcessorRevision;
}
//struct 收集内存情况
[StructLayout( LayoutKind.Sequential )]
public struct MEMORYSTATUS
{
public uint dwLength;
public uint dwMemoryLoad;
public uint dwTotalPhys;
public uint dwAvailPhys;
public uint dwTotalPageFile;
public uint dwAvailPageFile;
public uint dwTotalVirtual;
public uint dwAvailVirtual;
}
public class Form1 : System.WinForms.Form
{
private System.ComponentModel.Container components;
private System.WinForms.MenuItem menuAbout;
private System.WinForms.MainMenu mainMenu1;
private System.WinForms.ListBox listBox1;
private System.WinForms.Button button1;
//获取系统信息
[DllImport( "kernel32" )]
static extern void GetSystemInfo( ref SYSTEM_INFO pSI );
//获取内存信息
[DllImport( "kernel32" )]
static extern void GlobalMemoryStatus( ref MEMORYSTATUS buf );
//处理器类型
public const int PROCESSOR_INTEL_386 = 386;
public const int PROCESSOR_INTEL_486 = 486;
public const int PROCESSOR_INTEL_PENTIUM = 586;
public const int PROCESSOR_MIPS_R4000 = 4000;
public const int PROCESSOR_ALPHA_21064 = 21064;
public Form1( )
{
InitializeComponent( );
}
public override void Dispose( )
{
base.Dispose( );
components.Dispose( );
}
private void InitializeComponent( )
{
this.components = new System.ComponentModel.Container ( );
this.mainMenu1 = new System.WinForms.MainMenu ( );
this.button1 = new System.WinForms.Button ( );
this.listBox1 = new System.WinForms.ListBox ( );
this.menuAbout = new System.WinForms.MenuItem ( );
mainMenu1.MenuItems.All = new System.WinForms.MenuItem[1] {this.menuAbout};
button1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point ( 148, 168 );
button1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size ( 112, 32 );
button1.TabIndex = 0;
button1.Text = "&Get Info";
button1.Click += new System.EventHandler ( this.button1_Click );
listBox1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point ( 20, 8 );
listBox1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size ( 368, 147 );
listBox1.TabIndex = 1;
menuAbout.Text = "&About";
menuAbout.Index = 0;
menuAbout.Click += new System.EventHandler ( this.menuAbout_Click );
this.Text = "System Information - Using API";
this.MaximizeBox = false;
this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size ( 5, 13 );
this.MinimizeBox = false;
this.Menu = this.mainMenu1;
this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size ( 408, 213 );
this.Controls.Add ( this.listBox1 );
this.Controls.Add ( this.button1 );
}
protected void menuAbout_Click ( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
Form abt=new about( ) ;
abt.ShowDialog( );
}
protected void button1_Click ( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
try
{
SYSTEM_INFO pSI = new SYSTEM_INFO( );
GetSystemInfo( ref pSI );
string CPUType;
switch ( pSI.dwProcessorType )
{
case PROCESSOR_INTEL_386 :
CPUType= "Intel 386";
break;
case PROCESSOR_INTEL_486 :
CPUType = "Intel 486" ;
break;
case PROCESSOR_INTEL_PENTIUM :
CPUType = "Intel Pentium";
break;
case PROCESSOR_MIPS_R4000 :
CPUType = "MIPS R4000";
break;
case PROCESSOR_ALPHA_21064 :
CPUType = "DEC Alpha 21064";
break;
default :
CPUType = "( unknown )";
}
listBox1.InsertItem ( 0,"Active Processor Mask :"+pSI.dwActiveProcessorMask.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 1,"Allocation Granularity :"+pSI.dwAllocationGranularity.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 2,"Number Of Processors :"+pSI.dwNumberOfProcessors.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 3,"OEM ID :"+pSI.dwOemId.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 4,"Page Size:"+pSI.dwPageSize.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 5,"Processor Level Value:"+pSI.dwProcessorLevel.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 6,"Processor Revision:"+ pSI.dwProcessorRevision.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 7,"CPU type:"+CPUType );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 8,"Maximum Application Address: "+pSI.lpMaximumApplicationAddress.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 9,"Minimum Application Address:"+pSI.lpMinimumApplicationAddress.ToString( ) );
/************** 从 GlobalMemoryStatus 获取返回值****************/
MEMORYSTATUS memSt = new MEMORYSTATUS ( );
GlobalMemoryStatus ( ref memSt );
listBox1.InsertItem( 10,"Available Page File :"+ ( memSt.dwAvailPageFile/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 11,"Available Physical Memory : " + ( memSt.dwAvailPhys/1024 ).ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 12,"Available Virtual Memory:" + ( memSt.dwAvailVirtual/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 13,"Size of structur :" + memSt.dwLength.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 14,"Memory In Use :"+ memSt.dwMemoryLoad.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 15,"Total Page Size :"+ ( memSt.dwTotalPageFile/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 16,"Total Physical Memory :" + ( memSt.dwTotalPhys/1024 ).ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 17,"Total Virtual Memory :" + ( memSt.dwTotalVirtual/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
}
catch( Exception er )
{
MessageBox.Show ( er.Message );
}
}
public static void Main( string[] args )
{
try
{
Application.Run( new Form1( ) );
}
catch( Exception er )
{
MessageBox.Show ( er.Message);
}
}
}
}
很长是吧,学习本身就是个漫长的过程,加油吧伙计们!
做为程序员,我们需要了解API从字面上了解便是编程接口,因此,做为开发者,需要了解的只是API的使用方法.
API根据操作系统、处理器及功能性的不同而拥有很多不同的类型. 操作系统特用的API:
每种操作系统都有许多通用的API以及一些特用的API,这些特用的API只能在当前操作系统中执行.
例如:
Windows NT 支持 MS-DOS, Win16, Win32, POSIX ( Portable Operating System Interface ), OS/2 console API; 而 Windows 95 支持 MS-DOS, Win16 以及 Win32 APIs.
Win16 & Win32 API:
Win16是为十六位处理器开发的,早期的操作系统均支持.
Win32则是为32位处理器开发.它可移植性强,被大部分的处理器所支持.
Win32 API在库名后有一个”32”后缀.比如KERNEL32,USER32等.
所有API在下面3个库中得以运行:
Kernel
User
GDI
1. KERNEL
他的库名为 KERNEL32.DLL, 他主要用于产生与操作系统之间的关联:
程序加载
上下文选择.
文件输入输出.
内存管理.
例如: GlobalMemoryStatus 函数就包括当前物理内存及虚拟内存的使用信息.
2. USER
这个类库在Win32中名叫 USER32.DLL.
它允许管理全部的用户接口,比如:
窗口
菜单
对话框
图标等.,
例如: DrawIcon 函数将在指定的设备关联上“画”出图标或者鼠标.
3. GDI ( Graphical Device Interface )
它在Win32中的库名为:GDI32.dll,它是图形输出库.使用GDI Windows“画”出窗口、菜单以及对话框等:
它能创建图形输出.
它也能保存图形文件.
例如: CreateBitmap 函数就能通过指定的长、宽、颜色创建一个位图.
C# 中操作API :
作为初学者来说,在C#中使用API确是一件令人头疼的问题.在使用API之间你必须知道如何在C#中使用结构、类型转换、安全/不安全代码,可控/不可控代码等许多知识.
一切从简单开始,复杂的大家一时不能接受.我们就从实现一个简单的MessageBox开始.首先打开VS.Net ,创建一个新的C#工程,并添加一个Button按钮.当这个按钮被点击,则显示一个MessageBox对话框.
即然我们需要引用外来库,所以必须导入一个Namespace:
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
接着添加下面的代码来声明一个API:
[DllImport( "User32.dll" )]
public static extern int MessageBox( int h, string m, string c, int type );
此处DllImport属性被用来从不可控代码中调用一方法.”User32.dll”则设定了类库名.DllImport属性指定dll的位置,这个dll中包括调用的外部方法.Static修饰符则声明一个静态元素,而这个元素属于类型本身而不是上面指定的对象.extern则表示这个方法将在工程外部执行,使用DllImport导入的方法必须使用extern修饰符.
MessageBox 则是函数名,拥有4个参数,其返回值为数字.
大多数的API都能传递并返回值.
添中Click点击事件代码:
protected void button1_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
MessageBox ( 0,"API Message Box","API Demo",0 );
}
编译并运行这个程序,当你点击按钮后,你将会看到对话框,这便是你使用的API函数.
使用结构体
操作带有结构体的API比使用简单的API要复杂的多.但是一旦你掌握了API的过程,那个整个API世界将在你的掌握之中.
下面的例子中我们将使用GetSystemInfo API 来获取整个系统的信息.
第一步还是打开C#建立一个Form工程,同样的添中一个Button按钮,在代码窗中输入下面的代码,导入Namespace:
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
声明一个结构体,它将做为GetSystemInfo的一个参数:
[StructLayout( LayoutKind.Sequential )]
public struct SYSTEM_INFO {
public uint dwOemId;
public uint dwPageSize;
public uint lpMinimumApplicationAddress;
public uint lpMaximumApplicationAddress;
public uint dwActiveProcessorMask;
public uint dwNumberOfProcessors;
public uint dwProcessorType;
public uint dwAllocationGranularity;
public uint dwProcessorLevel;
public uint dwProcessorRevision;
}
声明API函数:
[DllImport( "kernel32" )]
static extern void GetSystemInfo( ref SYSTEM_INFO pSI );
添加下面的代码至按钮的点击事件处理中:
首先创建一个SYSTEM_INFO结构体,并将其传递给GetSystemInfo函数.
protected void button1_Click ( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
try
{
SYSTEM_INFO pSI = new SYSTEM_INFO( );
GetSystemInfo( ref pSI );
//
//
//
一旦你接收到返回的结构体,那么就可以以返回的参数来执行操作了.
e.g.listBox1.InsertItem ( 0,pSI.dwActiveProcessorMask.ToString( ) );:
//
//
//
}
catch( Exception er )
{
MessageBox.Show ( er.Message );
}
}
调用API全部代码
//Created By Ajit Mungale
//程序补充 飞刀
namespace UsingAPI
{
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.WinForms;
using System.Data;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
//Struct 收集系统信息
[StructLayout( LayoutKind.Sequential )]
public struct SYSTEM_INFO {
public uint dwOemId;
public uint dwPageSize;
public uint lpMinimumApplicationAddress;
public uint lpMaximumApplicationAddress;
public uint dwActiveProcessorMask;
public uint dwNumberOfProcessors;
public uint dwProcessorType;
public uint dwAllocationGranularity;
public uint dwProcessorLevel;
public uint dwProcessorRevision;
}
//struct 收集内存情况
[StructLayout( LayoutKind.Sequential )]
public struct MEMORYSTATUS
{
public uint dwLength;
public uint dwMemoryLoad;
public uint dwTotalPhys;
public uint dwAvailPhys;
public uint dwTotalPageFile;
public uint dwAvailPageFile;
public uint dwTotalVirtual;
public uint dwAvailVirtual;
}
public class Form1 : System.WinForms.Form
{
private System.ComponentModel.Container components;
private System.WinForms.MenuItem menuAbout;
private System.WinForms.MainMenu mainMenu1;
private System.WinForms.ListBox listBox1;
private System.WinForms.Button button1;
//获取系统信息
[DllImport( "kernel32" )]
static extern void GetSystemInfo( ref SYSTEM_INFO pSI );
//获取内存信息
[DllImport( "kernel32" )]
static extern void GlobalMemoryStatus( ref MEMORYSTATUS buf );
//处理器类型
public const int PROCESSOR_INTEL_386 = 386;
public const int PROCESSOR_INTEL_486 = 486;
public const int PROCESSOR_INTEL_PENTIUM = 586;
public const int PROCESSOR_MIPS_R4000 = 4000;
public const int PROCESSOR_ALPHA_21064 = 21064;
public Form1( )
{
InitializeComponent( );
}
public override void Dispose( )
{
base.Dispose( );
components.Dispose( );
}
private void InitializeComponent( )
{
this.components = new System.ComponentModel.Container ( );
this.mainMenu1 = new System.WinForms.MainMenu ( );
this.button1 = new System.WinForms.Button ( );
this.listBox1 = new System.WinForms.ListBox ( );
this.menuAbout = new System.WinForms.MenuItem ( );
mainMenu1.MenuItems.All = new System.WinForms.MenuItem[1] {this.menuAbout};
button1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point ( 148, 168 );
button1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size ( 112, 32 );
button1.TabIndex = 0;
button1.Text = "&Get Info";
button1.Click += new System.EventHandler ( this.button1_Click );
listBox1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point ( 20, 8 );
listBox1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size ( 368, 147 );
listBox1.TabIndex = 1;
menuAbout.Text = "&About";
menuAbout.Index = 0;
menuAbout.Click += new System.EventHandler ( this.menuAbout_Click );
this.Text = "System Information - Using API";
this.MaximizeBox = false;
this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size ( 5, 13 );
this.MinimizeBox = false;
this.Menu = this.mainMenu1;
this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size ( 408, 213 );
this.Controls.Add ( this.listBox1 );
this.Controls.Add ( this.button1 );
}
protected void menuAbout_Click ( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
Form abt=new about( ) ;
abt.ShowDialog( );
}
protected void button1_Click ( object sender, System.EventArgs e )
{
try
{
SYSTEM_INFO pSI = new SYSTEM_INFO( );
GetSystemInfo( ref pSI );
string CPUType;
switch ( pSI.dwProcessorType )
{
case PROCESSOR_INTEL_386 :
CPUType= "Intel 386";
break;
case PROCESSOR_INTEL_486 :
CPUType = "Intel 486" ;
break;
case PROCESSOR_INTEL_PENTIUM :
CPUType = "Intel Pentium";
break;
case PROCESSOR_MIPS_R4000 :
CPUType = "MIPS R4000";
break;
case PROCESSOR_ALPHA_21064 :
CPUType = "DEC Alpha 21064";
break;
default :
CPUType = "( unknown )";
}
listBox1.InsertItem ( 0,"Active Processor Mask :"+pSI.dwActiveProcessorMask.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 1,"Allocation Granularity :"+pSI.dwAllocationGranularity.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 2,"Number Of Processors :"+pSI.dwNumberOfProcessors.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 3,"OEM ID :"+pSI.dwOemId.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 4,"Page Size:"+pSI.dwPageSize.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 5,"Processor Level Value:"+pSI.dwProcessorLevel.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 6,"Processor Revision:"+ pSI.dwProcessorRevision.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 7,"CPU type:"+CPUType );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 8,"Maximum Application Address: "+pSI.lpMaximumApplicationAddress.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem ( 9,"Minimum Application Address:"+pSI.lpMinimumApplicationAddress.ToString( ) );
/************** 从 GlobalMemoryStatus 获取返回值****************/
MEMORYSTATUS memSt = new MEMORYSTATUS ( );
GlobalMemoryStatus ( ref memSt );
listBox1.InsertItem( 10,"Available Page File :"+ ( memSt.dwAvailPageFile/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 11,"Available Physical Memory : " + ( memSt.dwAvailPhys/1024 ).ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 12,"Available Virtual Memory:" + ( memSt.dwAvailVirtual/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 13,"Size of structur :" + memSt.dwLength.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 14,"Memory In Use :"+ memSt.dwMemoryLoad.ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 15,"Total Page Size :"+ ( memSt.dwTotalPageFile/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 16,"Total Physical Memory :" + ( memSt.dwTotalPhys/1024 ).ToString( ) );
listBox1.InsertItem( 17,"Total Virtual Memory :" + ( memSt.dwTotalVirtual/1024 ).ToString ( ) );
}
catch( Exception er )
{
MessageBox.Show ( er.Message );
}
}
public static void Main( string[] args )
{
try
{
Application.Run( new Form1( ) );
}
catch( Exception er )
{
MessageBox.Show ( er.Message);
}
}
}
}
很长是吧,学习本身就是个漫长的过程,加油吧伙计们!