Clojure入门

语法

参考

形式/Forms

1. 数据：nubmbers,strings,maps,vectors
2. 操作

数据：

1
“a string”
[“a” “vector” “of” “strings”]

操作：由( )规范

(operator operand1 operand2 … operandn)

例子:

(+ 1 2 3)
; => 6
(str “It was the panda ” “in the library ” “with a dust buster”)
; => “It was the panda in the library with a dust buster”

控制(control flow)

if

格式：

(if boolean-form
then-form
optional-else-form)

例子：

(if true
“abra cadabra”
“hocus pocus”)
; => “abra cadabra”

一个分支只能有一个表达式(form/expression)
如果要写多个form，则需要do

do

示例:

(if true
(do (println “Success!”)
“abra cadabra”)
(do (println “Failure :(“)
“hocus pocus”))
; => Success!
; => “abra cadabra”

when

是if和do的组合，但没有else

(when true
(println “Success!”)
“abra cadabra”)
; => Success!
; => “abra cadabra”

定义变量(def)

(def failed-protagonist-names
[“Larry Potter”
“Doreen the Explorer”
“The Incredible Bulk”])

数据结构

nil, true, false, Truthiness, Equality

nil : 相当于null，也代表false，除了nil和false之外，其他值都当做true

(nil? 1)
; => false
(nil? nil)
; => true
(= 1 1)
; => true
(= nil nil)
; => true
(= 1 2)
; => false

numbers

string

只能用双引号表示，连接只能用str函数

(def name “Chewbacca”)
(str “\”Uggllglglglglglglglll\” - ” name)
; => “Uggllglglglglglglglll” - Chewbacca

map

创建

;; An empty map
{}

;; “:a”, “:b”, “:c” are keywords and we’ll cover them in the next section
{:a 1
:b “boring example”
:c []}

;; Associate “string-key” with the “plus” function
{“string-key” +}

;; Maps can be nested
{:name {:first “John” :middle “Jacob” :last “Jingleheimerschmidt”}}

用函数创建

(hash-map :a 1 :b 2)
; => {:a 1 :b 2}
读取key
(get {:a 0 :b 1} :b)
; => 1
(get {:a 0 :b {:c “ho hum”}} :b)
; => {:c “ho hum”}

(get {:a 0 :b 1} :c)
; => nil

; 指定默认为空的返回值

(get {:a 0 :b 1} :c “UNICORNS”)
; => “UNICORNS”

get-in读取内嵌map

(get-in {:a 0 :b {:c “ho hum”}} [:b :c])
; => “ho hum

vector

;; Here’s a vector literal
[3 2 1]

;; Here we’re returning an element of a vector
(get [3 2 1] 0)
; => 3

;; Another example of getting by index. Notice as well that vector
;; elements can be of any type and you can mix types.
(get [“a” {:name “Pugsley Winterbottom”} “c”] 1)
; => {:name “Pugsley Winterbottom”}

用函数创建：
(vector “creepy” “full” “moon”)
; => [“creepy” “full” “moon”]

添加：

(conj [1 2 3] 4)
; => [1 2 3 4]

list

;; Here’s a list - note the preceding single quote
‘(1 2 3 4)
; => (1 2 3 4)
;; Notice that the REPL prints the list without a quote. This is OK,
;; and it’ll be explained later.

;; Doesn’t work for lists
(get ‘(100 200 300 400) 0)

;; This works but has different performance characteristics which we
;; don’t care about right now.
(nth ‘(100 200 300 400) 3)
; => 400

创建：

(list 1 2 3 4)
; => (1 2 3 4)

添加：

(conj ‘(1 2 3) 4)
; => (4 1 2 3)

set

;; Literal notation
#{“hannah montanna” “miley cyrus” 20 45}
;; If you try to add :b to a set which already contains :b,
;; the set still only has one :b
(conj #{:a :b} :b)
; => #{:a :b}
;; You can check whether a value exists in a set
(get #{:a :b} :a)
; => :a
(:a #{:a :b})
; => :a
(get #{:a :b} “hannah montanna”)
; => nil

用函数创建：

(set [3 3 3 4 4])
; => #{3 4}

;; 3 exists in vector
(get (set [3 3 3 4 4]) 3)
; => 3

;; but 5 doesn’t
(get (set [3 3 3 4 4]) 5)
; => nil

sorted-set

(sorted-set :b :a :c)
; => #{:a :b :c}

Symbols and Naming

Symbol :可以理解为形参

(def failed-movie-titles [“Gone With the Moving Air” “Swellfellas”])

quoting

引用，即symbol本身，而不是symbol代表的value

‘failed-protagonist-names
; => failed-protagonist-names
;; 获取变量值
(eval ‘failed-protagonist-names)
; => [“Larry Potter” “Doreen the Explorer” “The Incredible Bulk”]

(first ‘failed-protagonist-names)
; => Throws exception!

(first [‘failed-protagonist-names ‘failed-antagonist-names])
; => failed-protagonist-names

‘(failed-protagonist-names 0 1)
; => (failed-protagonist-names 0 1)

(first ‘(failed-protagonist-names 0 1))
; => failed-protagonist-names

(second ‘(failed-protagonist-names 0 1))
; => 0

Simplicity

Clojure 设计哲学：

It is better to have 100 functions operate on one data structure
than 10 functions on 10 data structures.

– Alan Perlis

故clojure没有类的概念，通常使用built-in数据结构

Functions

定义函数表达式：返回的也是函数

;; Return value of “or” is first truthy value, and + is truthy，or是函数，参数是 +，-，因为除了nil和false是false以外，任何其他值都为true，故返回了+,而+ 也代表了函数，故这个一个函数表达式，返回了一个代表+ 运算的函数
(or + -)
;;所以如下代表了求和操作
((or + -) 1 2 3)
; => 6

;;相同的，可以通过and来实现相同的功能
;; Return value of “and” is first falsey value or last truthy value.
;; + is the last truthy value
((and (= 1 1) +) 1 2 3)

;; 通过first实现相同的功能
;; Return value of “first” is the first element in a sequence
((first [+ 0]) 1 2 3)

map 函数，将 任意函数，应用于集合上

;; The “inc” function increments a number by 1
(inc 1.1)
; => 2.1

;; 注意返回的不是vector
(map inc [0 1 2 3])
; => (1 2 3 4)

定义函数 (defn)

(defn too-enthusiastic
“(docstring) Return a cheer that might be a bit too enthusiastic”
[name]
(str “OH. MY. GOD! ” name ” YOU ARE MOST DEFINITELY LIKE THE BEST ”
“MAN SLASH WOMAN EVER I LOVE YOU AND WE SHOULD RUN AWAY TO SOMEWHERE”))

(too-enthusiastic “Zelda”)
; => “OH. MY. GOD! Zelda YOU ARE MOST DEFINITELY LIKE THE BEST MAN

函数重载

(defn multi-arity
;; 3-arity arguments and body
([first-arg second-arg third-arg]
(do-things first-arg second-arg third-arg))
;; 2-arity arguments and body
([first-arg second-arg]
(do-things first-arg second-arg))
;; 1-arity arguments and body
([first-arg]
(do-things first-arg)))

传入可变参数

(defn codger-communication
[whippersnapper]
(str “Get off my lawn, ” whippersnapper “!!!”))

(defn codger
[& whippersnappers] ;; the ampersand indicates the “rest-param”
(map codger-communication whippersnappers))

(codger “Billy” “Anne-Marie” “The Incredible Bulk”)
; =>
; (“Get off my lawn, Billy!!!”
; “Get off my lawn, Anne-Marie!!!”
; “Get off my lawn, The Incredible Bulk!!!”)

Destructuring

;; Return the first element of a collection
(defn my-first
[[first-thing]] ; Notice that first-thing is within a vector
first-thing)

(my-first [“oven” “bike” “waraxe”])
; => “oven”

等价于：

(defn my-other-first
[collection]
(first collection))
(my-other-first [“nickel” “hair”])
; => “nickel”

传入map，:lat, :lng作为key，lat，lng为name

(defn announce-treasure-location
[{lat :lat lng :lng}]
(println (str “Treasure lat: ” lat))
(println (str “Treasure lng: ” lng)))
(announce-treasure-location {:lat 28.22 :lng 81.33})
; =>
; Treasure lat: 28.22
; Treasure lng: 81.33

等价于：

;; Works the same as above.
(defn announce-treasure-location
[{:keys [lat lng]}]
(println (str “Treasure lat: ” lat))
(println (str “Treasure lng: ” lng)))

获取map本身，通过as

;; Works the same as above.
(defn receive-treasure-location
[{:keys [lat lng] :as treasure-location}]
(println (str “Treasure lat: ” lat))
(println (str “Treasure lng: ” lng))

;; One would assume that this would put in new coordinates for your ship
(steer-ship! treasure-location))

函数体(function body)

返回最后一行

(defn illustrative-function
[]
(+ 1 304)
30
“joe”)
(illustrative-function)
; => “joe”

匿名函数

;; 用fn创建
;;This looks a lot like defn, doesn’t it?
(fn [param-list]
function body)

;; Example
(map (fn [name] (str “Hi, ” name))
[“Darth Vader” “Mr. Magoo”])
; => (“Hi, Darth Vader” “Hi, Mr. Magoo”)

;; Another example
((fn [x] (* x 3)) 8)
; => 24
;; 为匿名函数取名
(def my-special-multiplier (fn [x] (* x 3)))
(my-special-multiplier 12)
; => 36

# 方式，更紧凑的实现方式

;; Whoa this looks weird.
#(* % 3)
;; Apply this weird looking thing
(#(* % 3) 8)
; => 24
;; Another example
(map #(str “Hi, ” %)
[“Darth Vader” “Mr. Magoo”])
; => (“Hi, Darth Vader” “Hi, Mr. Magoo”)

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