DOM events

DOM (Document Object Model) events allow event-driven programming languages like JavaScript, JScript, ECMAScript, VBScript and Java to register various event handlers/listeners on the element nodes inside a DOM tree, e.g. HTML, XHTML, XUL and SVG documents.

Historically, like DOM, the event models used by various web browsers had some significant differences. This caused compatibility problems. To combat this, the event model was standardized by the W3C in DOM Level 2.

Events[edit]

HTML events[edit]

Common/W3C events[edit]

There is a huge collection of events that can be generated by most element nodes:

• Mouse events
• Keyboard events
• HTML frame/object events
• HTML form events
• User interface events
• Mutation events (notification of any changes to the structure of a document)

Note that the event classification above is not exactly the same as W3C's classification.

Category	Type	Attribute	Description	Bubbles	Cancelable
Mouse	click	onclick	Fires when the pointing device button is clicked over an element. A click is defined as a mousedown and mouseup over the same screen location. The sequence of these events is: mousedown mouseup click	Yes	Yes
	dblclick	ondblclick	Fires when the pointing device button is double clicked over an element	Yes	Yes
	mousedown	onmousedown	Fires when the pointing device button is pressed over an element	Yes	Yes
	mouseup	onmouseup	Fires when the pointing device button is released over an element	Yes	Yes
	mouseover	onmouseover	Fires when the pointing device is moved onto an element	Yes	Yes
	mousemove	onmousemove	Fires when the pointing device is moved while it is over an element	Yes	No
	mouseout	onmouseout	Fires when the pointing device is moved away from an element	Yes	Yes
Keyboard	keydown	onkeydown	Fires before keypress, when a key on the keyboard is pressed.	Yes	Yes
	keypress	onkeypress	Fires after keydown, when a key on the keyboard is pressed.	Yes	Yes
	keyup	onkeyup	Fires when a key on the keyboard is released	Yes	Yes
HTML frame/object	load	onload	Fires when the user agent finishes loading all content within a document, including window, frames, objects and images For elements, it fires when the target element and all of its content has finished loading	No	No
	unload	onunload	Fires when the user agent removes all content from a window or frame For elements, it fires when the target element or any of its content has been removed	No	No
	abort	onabort	Fires when an object/image is stopped from loading before completely loaded	Yes	No
	error	onerror	Fires when an object/image/frame cannot be loaded properly	Yes	No
	resize	onresize	Fires when a document view is resized	Yes	No
	scroll	onscroll	Fires when a document view is scrolled	Yes	No
HTML form	select	onselect	Fires when a user selects some text in a text field, including input and textarea	Yes	No
	change	onchange	Fires when a control loses the input focus and its value has been modified since gaining focus	Yes	No
	submit	onsubmit	Fires when a form is submitted	Yes	Yes
	reset	onreset	Fires when a form is reset	Yes	No
	focus	onfocus	Fires when an element receives focus either via the pointing device or by tab navigation	No	No
	blur	onblur	Fires when an element loses focus either via the pointing device or by tabbing navigation	No	No
User interface	focusin	(none)	Similar to HTML focus event, but can be applied to any focusable element	Yes	No
	focusout	(none)	Similar to HTML blur event, but can be applied to any focusable element	Yes	No
	DOMActivate	(none)	Similar to XUL command event. Fires when an element is activated, for instance, through a mouse click or a keypress.	Yes	Yes
Mutation	DOMSubtreeModified	(none)	Fires when the subtree is modified	Yes	No
	DOMNodeInserted	(none)	Fires when a node has been added as a child of another node	Yes	No
	DOMNodeRemoved	(none)	Fires when a node has been removed from a DOM-tree	Yes	No
	DOMNodeRemovedFromDocument	(none)	Fires when a node is being removed from a document	No	No
	DOMNodeInsertedIntoDocument	(none)	Fires when a node is being inserted into a document	No	No
	DOMAttrModified	(none)	Fires when an attribute has been modified	Yes	No
	DOMCharacterDataModified	(none)	Fires when the character data has been modified	Yes	No

Note that the events whose names start with “DOM” are currently not well supported, and for this and other performance reasons are deprecated by the W3C in DOM Level 3.Mozilla and Opera support DOMAttrModified, DOMNodeInserted, DOMNodeRemoved and DOMCharacterDataModified. Chrome and Safari support these events, with the exception of DOMAttrModified.

Touch events[edit]

Web browsers running on touch-enabled devices, such as Apple's iOS and Google's Android, generate additional events.^[1]:§5.3

Category	Type	Attribute	Description	Bubbles	Cancelable
Touch	touchstart		Fires when a finger is placed on the touch surface/screen.	Yes	Yes
	touchend		Fires when a finger is removed from the touch surface/screen.	Yes	Yes
	touchmove		Fires when a finger already placed on the screen is moved across the screen.	Yes	Yes
	touchenter		Fires when a touch point moves onto the interactive area defined by a DOM element.	Yes	Yes
	touchleave		Fires when a touch point moves off the interactive area defined by a DOM element.	Yes	Yes
	touchcancel		A user agent must dispatch this event type to indicate when a TouchPoint has been disrupted in an implementation-specific manner, such as by moving outside the bounds of the UA window. A user agent may also dispatch this event type when the user places more touch points (The coordinate point at which a pointer (e.g. finger or stylus) intersects the target surface of an interface) on the touch surface than the device or implementation is configured to store, in which case the earliest TouchPoint object in the TouchList should be removed.[1]:§5.9	Yes	No

In the W3C draft recommendation, a TouchEvent delivers a TouchList of Touch locations, the modifier keys that were active, a TouchList of Touch locations within the targeted DOM element, and a TouchList of Touch locations that have changed since the previous TouchEvent.^[1]

Apple didn't join this working group, and delayed W3C recommendation of its Touch Events Specification by disclosing patents late in the recommendation process.^[2]

Microsoft-specific events[edit]

Two major types of events are added by Microsoft, and in some cases can only be used in Internet Explorer. Others have been implemented as de facto standards by other browsers.

• Clipboard events
• Data binding events^{[clarification needed]}

Category	Type	Attribute	Description	Bubbles	Cancelable
Clipboard	cut	oncut	Fires after a selection is cut to the clipboard.	Yes	Yes
	copy	oncopy	Fires after a selection is copied to the clipboard.	Yes	Yes
	paste	onpaste	Fires after a selection is pasted from the clipboard.	Yes	Yes
	beforecut	onbeforecut	Fires before a selection is cut to the clipboard.	Yes	Yes
	beforecopy	onbeforecopy	Fires before a selection is copied to the clipboard.	Yes	Yes
	beforepaste	onbeforepaste	Fires before a selection is pasted from the clipboard.	Yes	Yes
Data binding	afterupdate	onafterupdate	Fires immediately after a databound object has been updated.	Yes	No
	beforeupdate	onbeforeupdate	Fires before a data source is updated.	Yes	Yes
	cellchange	oncellchange	Fires when a data source has changed.	Yes	No
	dataavailable	ondataavailable	Fires when new data from a data source become available.	Yes	No
	datasetchanged	ondatasetchanged	Fires when content at a data source has changed.	Yes	No
	datasetcomplete	ondatasetcomplete	Fires when transfer of data from the data source has completed.	Yes	No
	errorupdate	onerrorupdate	Fires if an error occurs while updating a data field.	Yes	No
	rowenter	onrowenter	Fires when a new row of data from the data source is available.	Yes	No
	rowexit	onrowexit	Fires when a row of data from the data source has just finished.	No	Yes
	rowsdelete	onrowsdelete	Fires when a row of data from the data source is deleted.	Yes	No
	rowinserted	onrowinserted	Fires when a row of data from the data source is inserted.	Yes	No
Mouse	contextmenu	oncontextmenu	Fires when the context menu is shown.	Yes	Yes
	drag	ondrag	Fires when during a mouse drag (on the moving Element).	Yes	Yes
	dragstart	ondragstart	Fires when a mouse drag begins (on the moving Element).	Yes	Yes
	dragenter	ondragenter	Fires when something is dragged onto an area (on the target Element).	Yes	Yes
	dragover	ondragover	Fires when a drag is held over an area (on the target Element).	Yes	Yes
	dragleave	ondragleave	Fires when something is dragged out of an area (on the target Element).	Yes	Yes
	dragend	ondragend	Fires when a mouse drag ends (on the moving Element).	Yes	Yes
	drop	ondrop	Fires when a mouse button is released over a valid target during a drag (on the target Element).	Yes	Yes
	selectstart	onselectstart	Fires when the user starts to select text.	Yes	Yes
Keyboard	help	onhelp	Fires when the user initiates help.	Yes	Yes
HTML frame/object	beforeunload	onbeforeunload	Fires before a document is unloaded.	No	Yes
	stop	onstop	Fires when the user stops loading the object. (unlike abort, stop event can be attached to document)	No	No
HTML form	beforeeditfocus	onbeforeeditfocus	Fires before an element gains focus for editing.	Yes	Yes
Marquee	start	onstart	Fires when a marquee begins a new loop.	No	No
	finish	onfinish	Fires when marquee looping is complete.	No	Yes
	bounce	onbounce	Fires when a scrolling marquee bounces back in the other direction.	No	Yes
Miscellaneous	beforeprint	onbeforeprint	Fires before a document is printed	No	No
	afterprint	onafterprint	Fires immediately after the document prints.	No	No
	propertychange	onpropertychange	Fires when the property of an object is changed.	No	No
	filterchange	onfilterchange	Fires when a filter changes properties or finishes a transition.	No	No
	readystatechange	onreadystatechange	Fires when the readyState property of an element changes.	No	No
	losecapture	onlosecapture	Fires when the releaseCapture method is invoked.	No	No

Note that Mozilla, Safari and Opera also support readystatechange event for the XMLHttpRequest object. Mozilla also supports the beforeunload event using traditional event registration method (DOM Level 0). Mozilla and Safari also support contextmenu, but Internet Explorer for the Mac does not.

Note that Firefox 6 and later support beforeprint and afterprint events.

XUL events[edit]

In addition to the common/W3C events, Mozilla defined a set of events that work only with XUL elements.

Category	Type	Attribute	Description	Bubbles	Cancelable
Mouse	DOMMouseScroll	DOMMouseScroll	Fires when the mouse wheel is moved, causing the content to scroll.	Yes	Yes
	dragdrop	ondragdrop	Fires when the user releases the mouse button to drop an object being dragged.	No	No
	dragenter	ondragenter	Fires when the mouse pointer first moves over an element during a drag. It is similar to the mouseover event but occurs while dragging.	No	No
	dragexit	ondragexit	Fires when the mouse pointer moves away from an element during a drag. It is also called after a drop on an element. It is similar to the mouseout event but occurs during a drag.	No	No
	draggesture	ondraggesture	Fires when the user starts dragging the element, usually by holding down the mouse button and moving the mouse.	No	No
	dragover	ondragover	Related to the mousemove event, this event is fired while something is being dragged over an element.	No	No
Input	CheckboxStateChange		Fires when a checkbox is checked or unchecked, either by the user or a script.	No	No
	RadioStateChange		Fires when a radio button is selected, either by the user or a script.	No	No
	close	onclose	Fires when a request has been made to close the window.	No	Yes
	command	oncommand	Similar to W3C DOMActivate event. Fires when an element is activated, for instance, through a mouse click or a keypress.	No	No
	input	oninput	Fires when a user enters text in a textbox.	Yes	No
User interface	DOMMenuItemActive	DOMMenuItemActive	Fires when a menu or menuitem is hovered over, or highlighted.	Yes	No
	DOMMenuItemInactive	DOMMenuItemInactive	Fires when a menu or menuitem is no longer being hovered over, or highlighted.	Yes	No
	contextmenu	oncontextmenu	Fires when the user requests to open the context menu for the element. The action to do this varies by platform, but it will typically be a right click.	No	Yes
	overflow	onoverflow	Fires a box or other layout element when there is not enough space to display it at full size.	No	No
	overflowchanged	onoverflowchanged	Fires when the overflow state changes.	No	No
	underflow	onunderflow	Fires to an element when there becomes enough space to display it at full size.	No	No
	popuphidden	onpopuphidden	Fires to a popup after it has been hidden.	No	No
	popuphiding	onpopuphiding	Fires to a popup when it is about to be hidden.	No	No
	popupshowing	onpopupshowing	Fires to a popup just before it is popped open.	No	Yes
	popupshown	onpopupshown	Fires to a popup after it has been opened, much like the onload event is sent to a window when it is opened.	No	No
Command	broadcast	onbroadcast	Placed on an observer. The broadcast event is sent when the attributes of the broadcaster being listened to are changed.	No	No
	commandupdate	oncommandupdate	Fires when a command update occurs.	No	No

Other events[edit]

For Mozilla and Opera 9, there are also undocumented events known as "DOMContentLoaded" and "DOMFrameContentLoaded" which fire when the DOM content is loaded. These are different from "load" as they fire before the loading of related files (e.g., images). However, DOMContentLoaded has been added to the HTML 5 Draft Specification. The "DOMContentLoaded" event was also implemented in the Webkit rendering engine build 500+.^[3] This correlates to all versions of Google Chrome and Safari 3.1+. DOMContentLoaded is also implemented in Internet Explorer 9.^[4]

Opera 9 also supports the Web Forms 2.0 events "DOMControlValueChanged", "invalid", "forminput" and "formchange".

Event flow[edit]

Consider the situation when there are 2 elements nested together. Both have event handlers registered on the same event type, say "click". When the user clicks on the inner element, there are two possible ways to handle it:

• Trigger the elements from outer to inner (event capturing). This model is implemented in Netscape Navigator.
• Trigger the elements from inner to outer (event bubbling). This model is implemented in Internet Explorer and other browsers.^[5]

W3C takes a middle position in this struggle.^[6]:§1.2 Events are first captured until it reaches the target element, and then bubbled up. During the event flow, an event can be responded to at any element in the path (an observer) in either phase by causing an action, and/or by stopping the event (with method event.stopPropagation() for W3C-conforming browsers and command event.cancelBubble = true for Internet Explorer), and/or by cancelling the default action for the event.

Event object[edit]

The Event object provides a lot of information about a particular event, including information about target element, key pressed, mouse button pressed, mouse position, etc. Unfortunately, there are very serious browser incompatibilities in this area. Hence only the W3C Event object is discussed in this article.

Event properties

Type	Name	Description
DOMString	type	The name of the event (case-insensitive in DOM level 2 but case-sensitive in DOM level 3 [7]).
EventTarget	target	Used to indicate the EventTarget to which the event was originally dispatched.
EventTarget	currentTarget	Used to indicate the EventTarget whose EventListeners are currently being processed.
unsigned short	eventPhase	Used to indicate which phase of event flow is currently being evaluated.
boolean	bubbles	Used to indicate whether or not an event is a bubbling event.
boolean	cancelable	Used to indicate whether or not an event can have its default action prevented.
DOMTimeStamp	timeStamp	Used to specify the time (in milliseconds relative to the epoch) at which the event was created.

Event methods

Name	Argument type	Argument name	Description
stopPropagation			To prevent further propagation of an event during event flow.
preventDefault			To cancel the event if it is cancelable, meaning that any default action normally taken by the implementation as a result of the event will not occur.
initEvent	DOMString	eventTypeArg	Specifies the event type.
	boolean	canBubbleArg	Specifies whether or not the event can bubble.
	boolean	cancelableArg	Specifies whether or not the event's default action can be prevented.

Event handling models[edit]

DOM Level 0[edit]

This event handling model was introduced by Netscape Navigator, and remains the most cross-browser model as of 2005.^{[citation needed]} There are two model types: inline model and traditional model.

Inline model[edit]

In the inline model,^[8] event handlers are added as attributes of elements. In the example below, an alert dialog box with the message "Hey Joe" appears after thehyperlink is clicked. The default click action is cancelled by returning false in the event handler.

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
        <meta charset="utf-8">
        <title>Inline Event Handling</title>
</head>
<body>
 
        <h1>Inline Event Handling</h1>
 
        <p>Hey <a href="http://www.example.com" onclick="triggerAlert('Joe'); return false;">Joe</a>!</p>
 
        <script>
                function triggerAlert(name) {
                        window.alert("Hey " + name);
                }
        </script>
</body>
</html>

One common misconception^{[citation needed]} with the inline model is the belief that it allows the registration of event handlers with custom arguments, e.g. name in thetriggerAlert function. While it may seem like that is the case in the example above, what is really happening is that the JavaScript engine of the browser creates ananonymous function containing the statements in the onclick attribute. The onclick handler of the element would be bound to the following anonymous function:

function () {
        triggerAlert('Joe');
        return false;
}

This limitation of the JavaScript event model is usually overcome by assigning attributes to the function object of the event handler or by using closures.

Traditional model[edit]

In the traditional model,^[9] event handlers can be added/removed by scripts. Like the inline model, each event can only have one event handler registered. The event is added by assigning the handler name to the event property of the element object. To remove an event handler, simply set the property to null:

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
        <meta charset="utf-8">
        <title>Traditional Event Handling</title>
</head>
 
<body>
        <h1>Traditional Event Handling</h1>
 
        <p>Hey Joe!</p>
 
        <script>
                var triggerAlert = function () {
                        window.alert("Hey Joe");
                };
 
                // Assign an event handler
                document.onclick = triggerAlert;
 
                // Assign another event handler
                window.onload = triggerAlert;
 
                // Remove the event handler that was just assigned
                window.onload = null;
        </script>
</body>
</html>

To add parameters:

var name = 'Joe';
document.onclick = (function (name) {
        return function () {
                alert('Hey ' + name + '!');
        };
}(name));

Inner functions preserve their scope.

DOM Level 2[edit]

The W3C designed a more flexible event handling model in DOM Level 2.^[6]

Name	Description	Argument type	Argument name
addEventListener	Allows the registration of event listeners on the event target.	DOMString	type
		EventListener	listener
		boolean	useCapture
removeEventListener	Allows the removal of event listeners from the event target.	DOMString	type
		EventListener	listener
		boolean	useCapture
dispatchEvent	Allows to send the event to the subscribed event listeners.	Event	evt

Some useful things to know :

• To prevent an event from bubbling, developers must call the "stopPropagation()" method of the event object.
• To prevent the default action of the event to be called, developers must call the "preventDefault" method of the event object.

The main difference from the traditional model is that multiple event handlers can be registered for the same event. The useCapture option can also be used to specify that the handler should be called in the capture phase instead of the bubbling phase. This model is supported by Mozilla, Opera, Safari, Chrome and Konqueror.

A rewrite of the example used in the traditional model[edit]

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
     <meta charset="utf-8">
     <title>DOM Level 2</title>
</head>
 
<body>
     <h1>DOM Level 2</h1>
 
     <p>Hey Joe!</p>
 
 
     <script>
          var heyJoe = function () {
               window.alert("Hey Joe!");
          }
 
          // Add an event handler
          document.addEventListener( "click", heyJoe, true );  // capture phase
 
          // Add another event handler
          window.addEventListener( "load", heyJoe, false );  // bubbling phase
 
          // Remove the event handler just added
          window.removeEventListener( "load", heyJoe, false );
     </script>
 
</body>
</html>

Microsoft-specific model[edit]

Microsoft does not follow the W3C model up until Internet Explorer 8, as its own model was created prior to the ratification of the W3C standard. Internet Explorer 9 is supposed to follow DOM level 3 events.^[10]

Name	Description	Argument type	Argument name
attachEvent	Similar to W3C's addEventListener method.	String	sEvent
		Pointer	fpNotify
detachEvent	Similar to W3C's removeEventListener method.	String	sEvent
		Pointer	fpNotify
fireEvent	Similar to W3C's dispatchEvent method.	String	sEvent
		Event	oEventObject

Some useful things to know :

• To prevent an event bubbling, developers must set the event's cancelBubble property.
• To prevent the default action of the event to be called, developers must set the event's "returnValue" property.
• The this keyword refers to the global window object.

Again, this model differs from the traditional model in that multiple event handlers can be registered for the same event. However the useCapture option can not be used to specify that the handler should be called in the capture phase. This model is supported by Microsoft Internet Explorer and Trident based browsers (e.g. Maxthon, Avant Browser).

A rewrite of the example used in the traditional model[edit]

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
     <meta charset="utf-8">
     <title>Microsoft-specific model</title>
</head>
<body>
     <h1>Microsoft-specific model</h1>
 
     <p>Hey Joe!</p>
 
     <script>
          var heyJoe = function () {
               window.alert("Hey Joe!");
          }
 
          // Add an event handler
          document.attachEvent("onclick", heyJoe);
 
          // Add another event handler
          window.attachEvent("onload", heyJoe);
 
          // Remove the event handler just added
          window.detachEvent("onload", heyJoe);
     </script>
 
</body>
</html>

References[edit]

• Deitel, Harvey. (2002). Internet and World Wide Web: how to program (Second Edition). ISBN 0-13-030897-8
• The Mozilla Organization. (2009). DOM Event Reference. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
• Quirksmode (2008). Event compatibility tables. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
• http://www.sitepen.com/blog/2008/07/10/touching-and-gesturing-on-the-iphone/

External links[edit]

• Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Events Specification
• Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Events Working Draft
• DOM4: Events (Editor's Draft)

References[edit]

1. ^ ^a b c "Touch Events version 2 - W3C Editor's Draft". W3C. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
2. ^ "Apple using patents to undermine open standards again". opera.com. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
3. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
4. ^ http://ie.microsoft.com/testdrive/HTML5/87DOMContent-Loaded/Default.html
5. ^ "Introduction to Events". Quirksmode.org. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
6. ^ ^a b "Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Events Specification". W3C. 13 November 2000. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
7. ^ "Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Events Specification (working draft)". W3C. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
8. ^ "Early event handlers". Quirksmode.org. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
9. ^ "Traditional event registration model". Quirksmode.org. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
10. ^ "DOM Level 3 Events support in IE9". Microsoft. March 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-28.