.7 Process Enviroment

examine the environment of a single process

* process terminated

exit()  ---- cleanup the resource and end  ( ISO C )

_Exit() ---- kernel func ( ISO C )

_exit() ---- POSIX 1  ( kernel func )

*shared libraries

cc -static hello1.c 

prevent gcc from using shared libraries 

$ size a.out
       text     data     bss   dec       hex    filename
        872      256       4  1132       46c    a.out

* memory Layout

High Addr  |  -----------------  cmd args  & env args

                 |  -----------------  Stack 

                 |

                 |  -----------------  Heap

                 |  -----------------  Unitialized data (BSS)

                 |  -----------------  Data Segment (Inital)

 Low Addr |  -----------------  Text Segment 

* memory allocation

#include <stdlib.h>

void *malloc(size_t size);

void *calloc(size_t nobj, size_t size);

void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t newsize);

1) But if there isn't room at the end of the existing region, realloc allocates another area that is large enough

2) The allocation routines are usually implemented with the sbrk(2) system call  

    sbrk() will expands (or contracts) ->  the heap of the process

3) Writing past the end or before the beginning of a dynamically-allocated buffer 

    can corrupt more than internal record-keeping information.

All three return: non-null pointer if OK, NULL on error

void free(void *ptr);

 alloca() ----> the memory is allocated from the stack frame of the current function.

* setjmp and longjmp