From:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/357075167
1、各编程语言HTTP请求对比
java、c#、go、ruby 都有内置的net包,此外各语言都有各自流行的网络库、HTTP请求库、HTTP脚手架和 web 框架。
- java 有 netty、OKHttp、tomcat、SpringBoot、SpringCloud
- c# 有 RestSharp、Nancy
- go 有 gin、iris、beego
- python 有 urllib、requests、flask、Django
- ruby 有 faraday、httparty、rails
- php 有 thinkphp、laravel
- js 有 ajax、axios、express、koa
- c 有 curl
下面的 HTTP 请求代码均 copy 自 postman,postman 列举了众多语言写法,独独没有C++。
c: libcurl
libcurl:https://curl.se/libcurl/
curl
作为命令行工具确实简单好用,比wget
更强大。当被作为库使用,并不也是那么简单,往往需要自己动手再封装一层。当然这也是c语言的通病,为了复用同一个接口,导致接口很难用。
CURL *hnd = curl_easy_init();
curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "POST");
curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_URL, "http://127.0.0.1:8080/echo");
struct curl_slist *headers = NULL;
headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "content-type: application/json");
curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers);
curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, "{\"key\":\"value\"}");
CURLcode ret = curl_easy_perform(hnd);
上面的代码仅仅只是请求部分,想要获取响应内容,还得设置回调函数并在回调里解析数据:
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, header_cb);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERDATA, header_userdata);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, body_cb);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, body_userdata);
curl_easy
尚且如此繁琐,curl_multi
更加让人望而却步。
c#: RestSharp
var client = new RestClient("http://127.0.0.1:8080/echo");
var request = new RestRequest(Method.POST);
request.AddHeader("content-type", "application/json");
request.AddParameter("application/json", "{\"key\":\"value\"}", ParameterType.RequestBody);
IRestResponse response = client.Execute(request);
go: net/http
package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"net/http"
"io/ioutil"
)
func main() {
url := "http://127.0.0.1:8080/echo"
payload := strings.NewReader("{\"key\":\"value\"}")
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", url, payload)
req.Header.Add("content-type", "application/json")
res, _ := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
defer res.Body.Close()
body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
fmt.Println(res)
fmt.Println(string(body))
}
java: OKHttp
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("application/json");
RequestBody body = RequestBody.create(mediaType, "{\"key\":\"value\"}");
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://127.0.0.1:8080/echo")
.post(body)
.addHeader("content-type", "application/json")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
php: HttpRequest
<?php
$request = new HttpRequest();
$request->setUrl('http://127.0.0.1:8080/echo');
$request->setMethod(HTTP_METH_POST);
$request->setHeaders(array(
'content-type' => 'application/json'
));
$request->setBody('{"key":"value"}');
try {
$response = $request->send();
echo $response->getBody();
} catch (HttpException $ex) {
echo $ex;
}
python: requests
import requests
url = "http://127.0.0.1:8080/echo"
payload = "{\"key\":\"value\"}"
headers = {
'content-type': "application/json"
}
response = requests.request("POST", url, data=payload, headers=headers)
print(response.text)
ruby: net/http
require 'uri'
require 'net/http'
url = URI("http://127.0.0.1:8080/echo")
http = Net::HTTP.new(url.host, url.port)
request = Net::HTTP::Post.new(url)
request["content-type"] = 'application/json'
request.body = "{\"key\":\"value\"}"
response = http.request(request)
puts response.read_body
nodejs: http
var http = require("http");
var options = {
"method": "POST",
"hostname": "127.0.0.1",
"port": "8080",
"path": "/echo",
"headers": {
"content-type": "application/json"
}
};
var req = http.request(options, function (res) {
var chunks = [];
res.on("data", function (chunk) {
chunks.push(chunk);
});
res.on("end", function () {
var body = Buffer.concat(chunks);
console.log(body.toString());
});
});
req.write(JSON.stringify({ key: 'value' }));
req.end();
对比结论
- 动态语言比静态语言更简单灵活;
- 有反射机制的语言比无反射机制的语言更简单灵活;
- c语言没有
string
、map
、反射、ORM
,写复杂应用层协议简直就是找虐,更别说写数据库应用了。如不分场合,强行使用c/c++
写web应用,开发效率注定感人,可能人家已经开始展示各种炫酷图表了,你还在那解析字符串。
2、C/C++ 网络库对比
以TCP Echo Server为例,展示各个网络库的写法。
代码:https://github.com/ithewei/libhv/tree/master/echo-servers
libevent
libevent:http://libevent.org/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "event2/event.h"
#include "event2/listener.h"
#include "event2/bufferevent.h"
#include "event2/buffer.h"
//#define RECV_BUFSIZE 8192
void error_cb(struct bufferevent* bev, short event, void* userdata) {
bufferevent_free(bev);
}
void read_cb(struct bufferevent* bev, void* userdata) {
//static char recvbuf[RECV_BUFSIZE];
//int nread = bufferevent_read(bev, &recvbuf, RECV_BUFSIZE);
//bufferevent_write(bev, recvbuf, nread);
struct evbuffer* buf = evbuffer_new();
int ret = bufferevent_read_buffer(bev, buf);
if (ret == 0) {
bufferevent_write_buffer(bev, buf);
}
evbuffer_free(buf);
}
void on_accept(struct evconnlistener* listener, evutil_socket_t connfd, struct sockaddr* peeraddr, int addrlen, void* userdata) {
struct event_base* loop = evconnlistener_get_base(listener);
struct bufferevent* bev = bufferevent_socket_new(loop, connfd, BEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE);
bufferevent_setcb(bev, read_cb, NULL, error_cb, NULL);
bufferevent_enable(bev, EV_READ|EV_WRITE|EV_PERSIST);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
printf("Usage: cmd port\n");
return -10;
}
int port = atoi(argv[1]);
struct event_base* loop = event_base_new();
struct sockaddr_in addr;
memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(port);
struct evconnlistener* listener = evconnlistener_new_bind(
loop, on_accept, NULL,
LEV_OPT_REUSEABLE|LEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE,
-1, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr));
if (listener == NULL) {
return -20;
}
event_base_dispatch(loop);
evconnlistener_free(listener);
event_base_free(loop);
return 0;
}
- 优点:历史最为悠久,有不少著名项目背书(包括
memcached
、libwebsockets
、360的evpp
),稳定性有保障; - 缺点:libevent 最为古老、有历史包袱,bufferevent 虽为精妙,却也难以上手;
libev
libev:http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include "ev.h"
#define RECV_BUFSIZE 8192
static char recvbuf[RECV_BUFSIZE];
void do_recv(struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *io, int revents) {
int nread, nsend;
nread = recv(io->fd, recvbuf, RECV_BUFSIZE, 0);
if (nread <= 0) {
goto error;
}
nsend = send(io->fd, recvbuf, nread, 0);
if (nsend != nread) {
goto error;
}
return;
error:
ev_io_stop(loop, io);
close(io->fd);
free(io);
}
void do_accept(struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *listenio, int revents) {
struct sockaddr_in peeraddr;
socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(peeraddr);
int connfd = accept(listenio->fd, (struct sockaddr*)&peeraddr, &addrlen);
if (connfd <= 0) {
return;
}
struct ev_io* io = (struct ev_io*)malloc(sizeof(struct ev_io));
ev_io_init(io, do_recv, connfd, EV_READ);
ev_io_start(loop, io);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
printf("Usage: cmd port\n");
return -10;
}
int port = atoi(argv[1]);
struct sockaddr_in addr;
int addrlen = sizeof(addr);
memset(&addr, 0, addrlen);
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(port);
int listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (listenfd < 0) {
return -20;
}
if (bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, addrlen) < 0) {
return -30;
}
if (listen(listenfd, SOMAXCONN) < 0) {
return -40;
}
struct ev_loop* loop = ev_loop_new(0);
struct ev_io listenio;
ev_io_init(&listenio, do_accept, listenfd, EV_READ);
ev_io_start(loop, &listenio);
ev_run(loop, 0);
ev_loop_destroy(loop);
return 0;
}
优点:libev可以说是libevent的精简版,库源码极为短小精悍,不到八千行;
缺点:
- 库源码中定义了大量的宏,想读懂需要扎实的c功底;
- 封装层次较低,如监听端口,需要老老实实手写
socket->bind->listen
这个流程; - IO事件只是通知你可读可写,需要自行调用
recv/send
; windows
平台实现不佳;
libuv
#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "uv.h"
typedef struct {
uv_write_t req;
uv_buf_t buf;
} uv_write_req_t;
void alloc_cb(uv_handle_t* handle, size_t suggested_size, uv_buf_t* buf) {
buf->base = (char*)malloc(suggested_size);
buf->len = suggested_size;
}
void close_cb(uv_handle_t* handle) {
free(handle);
}
void write_cb(uv_write_t* req, int status) {
uv_write_req_t* wr = (uv_write_req_t*)req;
free(wr->buf.base);
free(wr);
}
void read_cb(uv_stream_t* stream, ssize_t nread, const uv_buf_t* buf) {
if (nread <= 0) {
uv_close((uv_handle_t*)stream, close_cb);
return;
}
uv_write_req_t* wr = (uv_write_req_t*)malloc(sizeof(uv_write_req_t));
wr->buf.base = buf->base;
wr->buf.len = nread;
uv_write(&wr->req, stream, &wr->buf, 1, write_cb);
}
void do_accept(uv_stream_t* server, int status) {
uv_tcp_t* tcp_stream = (uv_tcp_t*)malloc(sizeof(uv_tcp_t));
uv_tcp_init(server->loop, tcp_stream);
uv_accept(server, (uv_stream_t*)tcp_stream);
uv_read_start((uv_stream_t*)tcp_stream, alloc_cb, read_cb);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
printf("Usage: cmd port\n");
return -10;
}
int port = atoi(argv[1]);
uv_loop_t loop;
uv_loop_init(&loop);
struct sockaddr_in addr;
memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
//addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
//addr.sin_port = htons(port);
uv_ip4_addr("0.0.0.0", port, &addr);
uv_tcp_t tcp_server;
uv_tcp_init(&loop, &tcp_server);
int ret = uv_tcp_bind(&tcp_server, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, 0);
if (ret) {
return -20;
}
ret = uv_listen((uv_stream_t*)&tcp_server, SOMAXCONN, do_accept);
if (ret) {
return -30;
}
uv_run(&loop, UV_RUN_DEFAULT);
return 0;
}
优点:
nodejs
的底层库,有nodejs
这个大佬背书,稳定性、性能都毋庸置疑;- 命名很清晰,统一以
uv_
前缀开头; - 功能很强大,同时支持管道、文件的异步读写;
缺点:
- 封装的结构体比较多,有一定的上手学习成本;
- 监听端口还是需要
uv_ip4_addr->uv_tcp_bind->uv_listen
这一套流程; - 没有提供读写
buffer
,uv_read_start/uv_write
需要自己申请和释放内存,往往需要结合自己的业务实现一个内存池,不然每次读写都直接malloc/free
,在某些操作系统上可能有性能损耗和内存碎片问题;
POCO
POCO 用户手册、示例:https://docs.pocoproject.org/current/
POCO C++库入门指南:https://blog.csdn.net/danlan_shiguang/article/details/124419814
libhv ( 国产网络库 )
比 libevent、libuv 更易用的国产网络库:github:https://github.com/ithewei/libhv
c 版本:
#include "hv/hloop.h"
void on_close(hio_t* io) {
}
void on_recv(hio_t* io, void* buf, int readbytes) {
hio_write(io, buf, readbytes);
}
void on_accept(hio_t* io) {
hio_setcb_close(io, on_close);
hio_setcb_read(io, on_recv);
hio_read(io);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
printf("Usage: cmd port\n");
return -10;
}
int port = atoi(argv[1]);
hloop_t* loop = hloop_new(0);
hio_t* listenio = hloop_create_tcp_server(loop, "0.0.0.0", port, on_accept);
if (listenio == NULL) {
return -20;
}
hloop_run(loop);
hloop_free(&loop);
return 0;
}
c++版本:
#include "hv/TcpServer.h"
using namespace hv;
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
if (argc < 2) {
printf("Usage: %s port\n", argv[0]);
return -10;
}
int port = atoi(argv[1]);
TcpServer srv;
int listenfd = srv.createsocket(port);
if (listenfd < 0) {
return -20;
}
printf("server listen on port %d, listenfd=%d ...\n", port, listenfd);
srv.onConnection = [](const SocketChannelPtr& channel) {
std::string peeraddr = channel->peeraddr();
if (channel->isConnected()) {
printf("%s connected! connfd=%d\n", peeraddr.c_str(), channel->fd());
} else {
printf("%s disconnected! connfd=%d\n", peeraddr.c_str(), channel->fd());
}
};
srv.onMessage = [](const SocketChannelPtr& channel, Buffer* buf) {
// echo
printf("< %.*s\n", (int)buf->size(), (char*)buf->data());
channel->write(buf);
};
srv.onWriteComplete = [](const SocketChannelPtr& channel, Buffer* buf) {
printf("> %.*s\n", (int)buf->size(), (char*)buf->data());
};
srv.setThreadNum(4);
srv.start();
while (1) sleep(1);
return 0;
}
优点:
libhv
本身是参考了libevent、libev、libuv
的实现思路,它们的核心都是事件循环(即在一个事件循环中处理IO、定时器等事件),没有历史包袱,去其糟粕,取其精华;- 提供的接口最为精简,API接近原生系统调用,最容易上手;
- 提供了c++的封装,参考了
muduo
和evpp
; - 支持心跳、转发、拆包、多线程安全write和close等特性;
- 原生支持
SSL/TLS
; - 提供了
HTTP
脚手架; - 支持
WebSocket
协议; - 支持
MQTT
协议 - 未来将支持更多的常见协议,如
redis
、kafka
、mysql
; - 国产开源库,有中文教程,有QQ技术交流群(
739352073
)可供寻求技术支持;
asio
asio有C++11版本,不依赖boost。Asio:http://think-async.com/
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <boost/bind.hpp>
#include <boost/asio.hpp>
using boost::asio::ip::tcp;
class session {
public:
session(boost::asio::io_service& io_service) :
socket_(io_service) {
}
tcp::socket& socket() {
return socket_;
}
void start() {
socket_.async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(data_, max_length),
boost::bind(&session::handle_read, this,
boost::asio::placeholders::error,
boost::asio::placeholders::bytes_transferred));
}
void handle_read(const boost::system::error_code& error,
size_t bytes_transferred) {
if (!error) {
boost::asio::async_write(socket_, boost::asio::buffer(data_,
bytes_transferred), boost::bind(&session::handle_write,
this, boost::asio::placeholders::error));
} else {
delete this;
}
}
void handle_write(const boost::system::error_code& error) {
if (!error) {
socket_.async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(data_, max_length),
boost::bind(&session::handle_read, this,
boost::asio::placeholders::error,
boost::asio::placeholders::bytes_transferred));
} else {
delete this;
}
}
private:
tcp::socket socket_;
enum {
max_length = 1024
};
char data_[max_length];
};
class server {
public:
server(boost::asio::io_service& io_service, short port) :
io_service_(io_service), acceptor_(io_service, tcp::endpoint(tcp::v4(),
port)) {
session* new_session = new session(io_service_);
acceptor_.async_accept(new_session->socket(), boost::bind(
&server::handle_accept, this, new_session,
boost::asio::placeholders::error));
}
void handle_accept(session* new_session,
const boost::system::error_code& error) {
if (!error) {
new_session->start();
new_session = new session(io_service_);
acceptor_.async_accept(new_session->socket(), boost::bind(
&server::handle_accept, this, new_session,
boost::asio::placeholders::error));
} else {
delete new_session;
}
}
private:
boost::asio::io_service& io_service_;
tcp::acceptor acceptor_;
};
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
printf("Usage: cmd port\n");
return -10;
}
int port = atoi(argv[1]);
boost::asio::io_service io_service;
server s(io_service, port);
io_service.run();
return 0;
}
优点:
- 曾被提名标准网络库,可惜
boost
不能整体入标准库,asio
自然也不得成神; - 极具争议,赞者骂者参半
beast
支持HTTP
和WebSocket
;websocketpp
支持WebSocket
协议;
ACE
ACE:https://github.com/cflowe/ACE
ACE也是很经典的网络库,出自《C++网络编程》作者之手,设计精妙程度堪称一流,支持协议范围也很广,但是使用复杂度和学习复杂度较高,一直有“学我者生,用我者死”的评价。
总结
- aio 是linux2.6以后内核实现的异步IO,或者说他才是真正意义上的异步IO。
- epoll作为select的linux的替代品,解决了selectfd_set的限制。性能优于select。而在mac os x平台上替代方案是kqueue。
- libevent是一个跨平台异步解决方案,他根据不同的平台提供了不同的异步方案,采用Reactor模型实现。
- Boost::asio是一个跨平台的网络及底层IO的C++编程库,实现了对TCP、UDP、ICMP、串口的支持。对于读写方式,ASIO支持同步和异步两种方式。采用了epoll来实现,插入了大量的信号处理。Asio库不需要单独便于,但是测试过程中对boost::system的依赖可能会需要编译部分boost中的库。
- muduo采用Reactor模型实现的网络库,只支持Linux 2.6.x下的并发非阻塞TCP网络编程,不跨平台,不支持udp和ipv6。吞吐量方面muduo比libevent2快18%,在事件处理效率方面,muduo与libevent2总体比较接近,muduo吞吐量比boost.asio高15%以上。性能方面作为解决大数据吞吐量很有优势,但是对平台和网络协议支持方面是一个问题。
- aio 和 epoll 主要是对异步提供解决方案,不是网络库不提供网络支持。而 libevent 也是主要解决 IO 的问题但是只提供简单的http支持。asio 和 muduo 还有 ACE 一样是高性能网络库。
3、QUIC 协议
QUIC 全称:Quick UDP Internet Connections,是一种基于 UDP 的传输层协议。由 Google 自研,2012 年部署上线,2013 年提交 IETF,2021 年 5 月,IETF 推出标准版 RFC9000。
QUIC协议是传输层 "更快、更稳、更高效" 的网络通信协议。
QUIC 协议是在 UDP 的基础之上,集成了 TCP 的可靠传输特性,集成了 TLS1.3 协议,保证了用户数据传输的安全。
QUIC 协议详解
:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/405387352
一文读懂 QUIC 协议
:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/655070575