0202函数的求导法则-导数与微分-高等数学

1 函数和、差、积、商的求导法则

定理1 如果函数$u=u(x)及v=v(x)$都在点$x$具有导数，那么它们的和、差、积、商(除分母为零的点外)都在点$x$具有导数，且

(1) $[u(x)\pm v(x){]}^{{}^{\prime }}=u(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}\pm v(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}$

(2) $[u(x)v(x){]}^{{}^{\prime }}=u(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}v(x)+u(x)v(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}$

(3) $[\frac{u(x)}{v(x)}{]}^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{u(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}v(x)-u(x)v(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}}{v^2(x)}$

$$\begin{gathered} 证明：(1)[u(x)\pm v(x){]}^{{}^{\prime }}=\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{u(x+h)\pm v(x+h)-[u(x)\pm v(x)]}{h} \\ =\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{u(x+h)-u(x)}{h}\pm \underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{v(x+h)-v(x)}{h}=u(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}\pm v(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }} \\ (2)[u(x)v(x){]}^{{}^{\prime }}=\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{u(x+h)v(x+h)-u(x)v(x)}{h} \\ =\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{u(x+h)v(x+h)-u(x)v(x+h)+u(x)v(x+h)-u(x)v(x)}{h} \\ =\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{[u(x+h)-u(x)]v(x+h)+u(x)[v(x+h)-v(x)]}{h} \\ =\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{u(x+h)-u(x)}{h}\cdot \underset{h\to 0}{\lim }v(x+h)+u(x)\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{v(x+h)-v(x)}{h} \\ =u^{{}^{\prime }}(x)\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }v(x+h)+u(x)v^{{}^{\prime }}(x) \\ v(x)可导，则v(x)连续\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }v(x+h)=v(x) \\ 所以[u(x)\pm v(x){]}^{{}^{\prime }}=u(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}v(x)+u(x)v(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }} \\ (3)[\frac{u(x)}{v(x)}{]}^{{}^{\prime }}=\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{u(x+h)}{v(x+h)}-\frac{u(x)}{v(x)}}{h}=\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{u(x+h)v(x)-u(x)v(x+h)}{v(x+h)v(x)h} \\ =\underset{h\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{[u(x+h)-u(x)]v(x)}{h}-\frac{u(x)[v(x+h)-v(x)]}{h}}{v^2(x)}=\frac{u(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}v(x)-u(x)v(x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}}{v^2(x)} \end{gathered}$$

定理中的(1)(2)可推广到任意有限个可导函数的情形

$(Cu{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=C{u}^{{}^{\prime }},C为常数$

2 反函数的求导法则

定理2 如果函数$x=f(y)$在区间$I_y$内单调、可导且$f(y)\ne 0$，那么它的反函数$y=f^{-1}(x)$在区间 I x = { x ∣ x = f ( y ) , y ∈ I y } I_x=\{x|x=f(y),y\in I_y\} Ix​={x∣x=f(y),y∈Iy​}内也可导，且

$[f^{-1}(x)]=\frac{1}{f^{{}^{\prime }}(y)}或\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{\frac{dx}{dy}}$

$$\begin{gathered} 证：因为x=f(x)在I_y内单调、可导（连续），则它的反函数y=f^{-1}(x)存在且单调、连续 \\ 任取x\in I_x,增量△x(△x\ne 0,x+△x\in I_x),则 \\ △y=f^{-1}(x+△x)-f^{-1}(x)\ne 0 \\ y=f^{-1}(x)连续，\underset{△x\to 0}{\lim }△y=0 \\ 从而[f^{-1}(x)]=\underset{△x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{△y}{△x}= \\ =\underset{△y\to 0}{\lim }\frac{1}{\frac{△x}{△y}}=\frac{1}{f^{{}^{\prime }}(y)} \end{gathered}$$

例1: $y=\arcsin x,x\in (-1,1),求y^{{}^{\prime }}$
$$\begin{gathered} y=\arcsin x,x=\sin y,y\in (-\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}) \\ {y}^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{{\sin }^{{}^{\prime }}(y)}=\frac{1}{\cos y}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ 即(\arcsin x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \end{gathered}$$
例2：$y=\arccos x,x\in (-1,1),y^{{}^{\prime }}$​
$$\begin{gathered} y=\arccos x,x=\cos y,y\in (-\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}) \\ {y}^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{{\cos }^{{}^{\prime }}(y)}=\frac{1}{-\sin y}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ 即(\arccos x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \end{gathered}$$

同理可得$(\arctan x{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{1+x^2},(arccotx{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=-\frac{1}{1+x^2}$

$\arcsin x+\arccos x=\frac{\pi }{2}$

$\arctan x+arccotx=\frac{\pi }{2}$

3 复合函数的求导法则

如果$u=g(x)在点x$可导，而$y=f(u)$在点$u=g(x)$可导，那么复合函数$y=f[g(x)]$在点x可导，且其导数为：

$\frac{dy}{dx}=f^{{}^{\prime }}(u)g^{{}^{\prime }}(x)或\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{du}\cdot \frac{du}{dx}$

$$\begin{gathered} 证明：因为y=f(u)在点u出可导 \\ \underset{△u\to 0}{\lim }\frac{△y}{△u}=f^{{}^{\prime }}(u) \\ 根据极限和无穷小的关系有\frac{△y}{△u}=f^{{}^{\prime }}(u)+\alpha (△u),\underset{△u\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\alpha (△u)}{△u}=0 \\ 则△y=f^{{}^{\prime }}(u)△u+\alpha (△u)△u(2-7) \\ 当△u=0时，△y=f(u+△u)-f(u)=0,(2-7)式右侧也为0，等式也成立 \\ \underset{△x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{△y}{△x}=\underset{△x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f^{{}^{\prime }}(u)△u+\alpha (△u)△u}{△x} \\ =f^{{}^{\prime }}(u)\underset{△x\to }{\lim }\frac{△u}{△x}+\underset{△x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\alpha (△u)△u}{△x} \\ 因为u=g(x)在点x可导,\underset{△x\to }{\lim }\frac{△u}{△x}=g^{{}^{\prime }}(x) \\ 因△x\to 0时，△u\to 0,所以\underset{△x\to 0}{\lim }\alpha (△u)=0 \end{gathered}$$
$$即\frac{dy}{dx}=f^{{}^{\prime }}(u)g^{{}^{\prime }}(x)$$

例3：$y=\ln [\cos (e^x)],求\frac{dy}{dx}$
$$解：y^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{\cos (e^x)}\cdot -\sin (e^x)\cdot e^x=-e^x\cdot \tan (e^x)$$

4 例题

例4： $y=\ln [\cos (e^x)],求y^{{}^{\prime }}$
$$解：y^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{\cos (e^x)}\cdot -\sin (e^x)\cdot e^x=-e^x\tan (e^x)$$
例5：$y=x^{\frac{1}{x}},求y^{{}^{\prime }}$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：y=x^{\frac{1}{x}}=e^{\frac{1}{x}\ln x} \\ {y}^{{}^{\prime }}=e^{\frac{1}{x}\ln x}\cdot (\frac{\ln x}{x}{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=x^{\frac{1}{x}}\cdot \frac{1-\ln x}{x^2} \end{gathered}$$
例6：设$f(\frac{x}{2})=\sin x,求f^{{}^{\prime }}[f(x)]，(f[f(x)]{)}^{{}^{\prime }}$
$$\begin{gathered} 解:f(x)=\sin 2x,f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)=2\cos 2x \\ {f}^{{}^{\prime }}[f(x)]=2\cos (2\sin 2x) \\ (f[f(x)]{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=[\sin 2(\sin 2x){]}^{{}^{\prime }}=\cos 2(\sin 2x)\cdot 2\cos 2x\cdot 2=4\cos 2x\cos 2(\sin 2x) \end{gathered}$$
例7：$y=\sin nx\cdot {\sin }^{n}x，求y^{{}^{\prime }}$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：y^{{}^{\prime }}=(\sin nx{)}^{{}^{\prime }}{\sin }^{n}x+\sin nx({\sin }^{n}x{)}^{{}^{\prime }} \\ =n\cos nx{\sin }^{n}x+\sin nx\cdot n{\sin }^{n-1}x\cos x \\ =n{\sin }^{n-1}x(\sin x\cos nx+\cos x\sin nx)=n{\sin }^{n-1}x\sin (n+1)x \end{gathered}$$