Command Pattern: encapsulates a request as an object, thereby letting you parameterize other objects with different requests, queue or log requests, and support undoable operations.
命令模式把一个请求或者操作封装到一个对象中。命令模式允许系统使用不同的请求把客户端参数化,对请求排队或者记录请求日志,可以提供命令的撤销和恢复功能。
命令模式是对命令的封装。命令模式把发出命令的责任和执行命令的责任分割开,委派给不同的对象。每一个命令都是一个操作:请求的一方发出请求要求执行一个操作;接收的一方收到请求,并执行操作。
Client: 生成Command,指定Invoker执行Command。
Command: 含有Receiver的引用,将Receiver的方法(一些方法)封装成一个execute()方法。成为一个Command Object。在某个Client产生,在某个Invoker执行。
Receiver: 一个普通的类。
Invoker: 执行Command的类,调用execute()方法。
1. The client creates a command object.
2. The client does a setCommand() to store the command object in the invoker.
3. The client asks the invoker to execute the command.
以遥控器控制灯为例:
定义Receiver:
public class Light {
public void on() {
// light on
}
public void off() {
// light off
}
}
定义命令接口:
public interface Command {
public void execute();
public void undo();
}
定义具体命令(Command):
public class LightOnCommand implements Command {
private Light light;
public LightOnCommand(Light light) {
this.light = light;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
light.on();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
light.off();
}
}
public class LightOffCommand implements Command {
private Light light;
public LightOffCommand(Light light) {
this.light = light;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
light.off();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
light.on();
}
}
定义Invoker:
public class RemoteControl {
private Command onCommand;
private Command offCommand;
private Command undoCommand;
public RemoteControl() {
Command noCommand = new NoCommand();
onCommand = noCommand;
offCommand = noCommand;
}
public void setCommmand(Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {
this.onCommand = onCommand;
this.offCommand = offCommand;
}
public void onButtonPushed() {
onCommand.execute();
undoCommand = onCommand;
}
public void offButtonPushed() {
offCommand.execute();
undoCommand = offCommand;
}
}
定义Client:
public class RemoteLoader {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Light light = new Light();
LightOnCommand lightON = new LightOnCommand(light);
LightOffCommand lightOFF = new LightOffCommand(light);
RemoteControl control = new RemoteControl();
control.setCommmand(lightON, lightOFF);
control.onButtonPushed();
control.offButtonPushed();
}
}
如果命令包括更多的实现细节,则可把Receiver省略,生成一个self-contain的命令,内含execute()方法,便于Invoker调用。如Computer-Space模型下的Job,Task,Result。
A null object is useful when you don't have a meaningful object to return, and yet you want to remove the responsibility for handling null from the client. Instead of declaring a reference to a null, you can declare it to an object which does nothing.
应用:Remote Control