【CentOS+Oracle】CentOS7.5+Oracle11gR2服务器环境的搭建？

本文借鉴https://www.cnblogs.com/muhehe/p/7816808.html
https://blog.csdn.net/m53931422/article/details/79441840
1、参照上面文章并实践最终成功完成环境的安装。
一、安装的硬件要求
1.内存：
要求：内存最小1G，推荐2G或者更高。
查看命令：# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
2. Swap：
要求：
RAW
Swap
1G至2G 1.5倍
2G至16G 同RAW相等
16G以上 16G
查看命令：# grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo

二、环境准备
安装包:
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
Oracle下载地址：http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/indexes/downloads/index.html#database　　
三、安装Oracle前的准备

1.创建运行oracle数据库的系统用户和用户组

[root@localhost ~]$ su root　　#切换到root
Password:
[root@localhost]# groupadd oinstall　　#创建用户组oinstall
[root@localhost]# groupadd dba　　#创建用户组dba
[root@localhost]# useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle　　#创建oracle用户，并加入到oinstall和dba用户组
[root@localhost]# passwd oracle　　#设置用户oracle的登陆密码，不设置密码，在CentOS的图形登陆界面没法登陆
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: 　　# 密码
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 　　# 确认密码
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@localhost]# id oracle # 查看新建的oracle用户
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba)

2.创建oracle数据库安装目录

[root@localhost]# cd /.        #进入根目录
[root@localhost]# mkdir -p /data/oracle　　#oracle数据库安装目录
[root@localhost]# mkdir -p /data/oraInventory　　#oracle数据库配置文件目录
[root@localhost]# mkdir -p /data/database　　#oracle数据库软件包解压目录
[root@localhost]# cd /data
[root@localhost data]# ls　　#创建完毕检查一下（强迫症）
database oracle oraInventory
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oracle　　#设置目录所有者为oinstall用户组的oracle用户
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oraInventory
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database
[root@localhost data]#

3.修改OS系统标识（oracle默认不支持CentOS系统安装，但是centos其实就是redhat）

[root@localhost data]# cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.10.0-514.26.2.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-11) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Tue Jul 4 15:04:05 UTC 2017
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611 (Core)
[root@localhost data]# vi /etc/redhat-release
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release
redhat-7

4.安装oracle数据库所需要的软件包

[root@localhost data]# yum -y install binutils* compat-libcap1* compat-libstdc++* gcc* gcc-c++* glibc* glibc-devel* ksh* libaio* libaio-devel* libgcc* libstdc++* libstdc++-devel* libXi* libXtst* make* sysstat* elfutils* unixODBC*

5.关闭防火墙

[root@localhost data]# systemctl status firewalld.service    #查看防火墙状态（运行中）
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-09-13 09:23:08 CST; 25min ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
 Main PID: 641 (firewalld)
   CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
           └─641 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Sep 13 09:22:58 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:23:08 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost data]# systemctl stop firewalld.service    #关闭防火墙
[root@localhost data]# systemctl status firewalld.service    #查看防火墙状态（已关闭）
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Wed 2017-09-13 09:48:55 CST; 10s ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
  Process: 641 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid $FIREWALLD_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 641 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Sep 13 09:22:58 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:23:08 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic...
Sep 13 09:48:54 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:48:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost data]# systemctl disable firewalld.service   #禁止使用防火墙（重启也是禁止的）         
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.

6.关闭selinux（需重启生效）

[root@localhost data]# vi /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
***SELINUX=disabled #此处修改为disabled***
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

7.修改内核参数（加入斜体部分）

[root@localhost data]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf
# sysctl settings are defined through files in
# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.
#
# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.
# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in
# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override
# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later
# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max= 4194304
net.core.wmem_default= 262144
net.core.wmem_max= 1048576

8.使配置修改内核的参数生效

[root@localhost data]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
sysctl: setting key "fs.file-max": Invalid argument
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmall": Invalid argument
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmax": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmni": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
sysctl: setting key "net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range": Invalid argument
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576

9.对oracle用户设置限制，提高软件运行性能（斜体为添加部分）

[root@localhost data]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf

@student - maxlogins 4
 
*oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536*
 
End of file

10.配置用户的环境变量（斜体部分为添加代码）

[root@localhost data]# vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile
[root@localhost data]# cat /home/oracle/.bash_profile

# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin

export PATH

export ORACLE_BASE=/data/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1 #oracle数据库路径
export ORACLE_SID=orcl #oracle启动数据库实例名，如果这里不设置，安装结束会让重新配置
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=orcl
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm #xterm窗口模式安装
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #添加系统环境变量
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib #添加系统环境变量
export LANG=C #防止安装过程出现乱码
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8  #设置Oracle客户端字符集，必须与Oracle安装时设置的字符集保持一致

11.使用户的环境变量配置立即生效

[root@localhost data]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile

12.将安装包移动到/usr/local/src路径下

[root@localhost ~]# cd /.
[root@localhost /]# cd /home/richard/Desktop/
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip  linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
[root@localhost Desktop]# mv linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip /usr/local/src
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
[root@localhost Desktop]# mv linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip /usr/local/src

13.重启系统，确保所有设置生效

[root@localhost Desktop]# reboot

14.从root用户切换oracle用户，并从oracle用户进入/usr/local/src目录

[root@localhost /]#su oracle #root切换oracle直接可以，不用输入密码，反之则需要
[oracle@localhost /]$ cd /usr/local/src
[oracle@localhost src]$ ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip  linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip

15.解压两个软件包至/data/database/目录下

如果unzip没安装，会报错。unzip command not found.这时候可以执行

[root@localhost /]#yum install unzip 

进行安装，需要是root用户下安装

[oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip -d /data/database/　　#解压
[oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip -d /data/database/　　#解压

16.进入管理员权限，设置目录所有者为oinstall用户组的oracle用户，执行安装脚本

[oracle@localhost src]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost src]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database/database/
[oracle@localhost /]$ cd /data/database/database/
[oracle@localhost database]$ ls
doc  install  response  rpm  runInstaller  sshsetup  stage  welcome.html
[oracle@localhost database]$ ./runInstaller 
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...
(省略...)

如果此处会报错，提示DISPLAY未设置。如下设置，在root权限下

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 99804 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 8191 MB    Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors
    >>> Could not execute auto check for display colors using command /usr/bin/xdpyinfo. Check if the DISPLAY variable is set.    Failed <<<<

Some requirement checks failed. You must fulfill these requirements before

continuing with the installation,

解决如下：

[root@localhost src]# DISPLAY=:0.0;export DISPLAY
[root@localhost src]# echo $DISPLAY
[root@localhost src]# find / -name "xhost"
/usr/bin/xhost
[root@localhost src]# cd /usr/bin/
[root@localhost bin]# ./xhost
[root@localhost bin]# ./xhost +
[root@localhost bin]# su oracle
[oracle@localhost bin]$ DISPLAY=:0.0;export DISPLAY
[oracle@localhost bin]$ echo $DISPLAY

四、Oracle图形界面选项

如果CentOS没有安装图形界面，是无法用图形界面安装ORACLE的，所以需要额外安装

[root@localhost bin]#yum groupinstall "X Window System"
[root@localhost bin]#yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop"
.
.
complete!

安装完成之后，执行命令，进入图形界面，这里必须是oracle用户下进入图形界面，否则会出问题(Could not execute auto check for display colors using command /usr/bin/xdpyi…)

[root@localhost bin]# su oracle
[oracle@localhost bin]$ startx

进入图形界面

在图形界面右击，打开命令行

[oracle@localhost root]$ cd /data/database/database/
[oracle@localhost database]$ ls
doc  install  response  rpm  runInstaller  sshsetup  stage  welcome.html
[oracle@localhost database]$ ./runInstaller
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 99018 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 8191 MB    Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors.    Actual 16777216    Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2018-11-17_10-39-00AM. Please wait ...[oracle@localhost database]$ 

如下：
1、去掉勾选

2、选YES

按照默认即可，如果安装到分配内存那块，执行程序卡住不动了，可以考虑，将自动分配内存的选项取消，“Character Sets"选择第二项或者第三项中的"Unicode standard UTF-8…”
底下按部就班就可以成功。
OS Kernel Parameter 下的semmni的缺失是Oracle没有检测到，其实有，选中缺失的依赖包，如果下方详情栏里Expected value中有括号中标注(i386)或(i686)，是在提示缺少32位的依赖包，但是实际上已经安装了64位的依赖包，忽略它们，pdksh包已经安装，就是之前安装的ksh依赖包。
如果还有提示的其他缺少的依赖包没有安装就去安装，按提示解决缺少的依赖包，之后点击 “Check Again”，再检查一遍，没有问题了，勾选ignore all,点击“Next”
后面一直到安装完成

安装完成，使用sys用户进行连接尝试，这边选用的是oralce官方工具。