POSIX 线程编程指南（五）

 

条件变量

概述

• 条件变量提供 了另一个线程同步的方法，当mutex通过控制存取数据来实现线程同步时，条件变量允许线程基于实际的变量值来实现线程同步。
• 没有条件变量，开发者需要线程不停的轮询以查询条件是否满足，因为线程要不停的忙等，会消耗很多资源。条件变量就是不用轮询而能达到同样目的方法。
• 条件变量总是与mutex锁联系在一起。
• 下面是一个使用条件变量的代表性序列

Main Thread o                                申明和初始化需要同步的全局数据/变量（比如：count） o                                申明和初始化一个条件变量对象 o                                申明和初始化相关联的mutex o                                创建threads A 和B并运行它们
Thread A o                                Do work up to the point where a certain condition must occur (such as "count" must reach a specified value) o                                Lock associated mutex and check value of a global variable o                                Call pthread_cond_wait() to perform a blocking wait for signal from Thread-B. Note that a call to pthread_cond_wait() automatically and atomically unlocks the associated mutex variable so that it can be used by Thread-B. o                                When signalled, wake up. Mutex is automatically and atomically locked. o                                Explicitly unlock mutex o                                Continue	Thread B o                                Do work o                                Lock associated mutex o                                Change the value of the global variable that Thread-A is waiting upon. o                                Check value of the global Thread-A wait variable. If it fulfills the desired condition, signal Thread-A. o                                Unlock mutex. o                                Continue
Main Thread Join / Continue

 

条件变量

创建和销毁条件变量

函数:

pthread_cond_init (condition,attr) pthread_cond_destroy (condition) pthread_condattr_init (attr) pthread_condattr_destroy (attr)

用法:

• 条件变量必须用pthread_cond_t 类型来声明，而且在使用之前必须初始化。在这里有两种方法初始化条件变量:
  1. 静态的方式初始化，例如：
     pthread_cond_t myconvar = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
  2. 动态的方式，利用pthread_cond_init()进行初始化，被创建的条件变量ID通过condition 参数返回给调用线程。这种方法允许条件变量设置属性attr 。
• 可选的attr 用来设置条件变量属性，对于条件变量，这里仅仅只定义了一个属性：process-shared ，它允条件变量可以被其他进程中的线程访问。如果使用此条件变量属性，必须把它定义为pthread_condattr_t 类型（缺省的可以把它定义为NULL）。

注意，并不是所有的实现都提供process-shared 属性。

• pthread_condattr_init() 和pthread_condattr_destroy() 函数用来创建和销毁条件变量属性对象。
• pthread_cond_destroy() 用来释放不再需要的条件变量属性对象

 

条件变量

在条件变量中的等待与信号

函数:

pthread_cond_wait (condition,mutex) pthread_cond_signal (condition) pthread_cond_broadcast (condition)

用法:

• pthread_cond_wait()会阻塞调用的线程，直到特定的条件（condition）满足，当这个线程运行时，mutex会被 加锁，当它阻塞时mutex会自动解锁。当收到信号唤醒线程时，mutex会被线程自动上锁， 当线程完成更新共享数据后，开发者有责任解锁mutex。
• pthread_cond_signal()用来通知（唤醒）等待在条件变量上的另一线程，在mutex 被加锁后被调用，在完成pthread_cond_wait()运行后必须解锁mutex。
• 如果多于一个线程处于阻塞状态，应该用pthread_cond_broadcast()代替pthread_cond_signal()。
• 如果在调用pthread_cond_wait()前先调用pthread_cond_signal()就是逻辑错误。

当使用这些例程时，正确的加锁和解锁一个相关联的mutex是必须的，例如: 在调用pthread_cond_wait()之前没有成功加锁mutex会导致线程不会阻塞 Failing to unlock the mutex after calling在调用 pthread_cond_signal()后没有成功解锁mutex，会导致pthread_cond_wait()一直运行 (保持线程阻塞).

---

Example: 使用条件变量

Example Code - Using Condition Variables This simple example code demonstrates the use of several Pthread condition variable routines. The main routine creates three threads. Two of the threads perform work and update a "count" variable. The third thread waits until the count variable reaches a specified value. #include <pthread.h> #include <stdio.h>   #define NUM_THREADS  3 #define TCOUNT 10 #define COUNT_LIMIT 12   int     count = 0; int     thread_ids[3] = {0,1,2}; pthread_mutex_t count_mutex; pthread_cond_t count_threshold_cv;   void *inc_count(void *idp) {   int j,i;   double result=0.0;   int *my_id = idp;     for (i=0; i<TCOUNT; i++) {     pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);     count++;       /*     Check the value of count and signal waiting thread when condition is     reached.  Note that this occurs while mutex is locked.     */     if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) {       pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv);       printf("inc_count(): thread %d, count = %d  Threshold reached./n",              *my_id, count);       }     printf("inc_count(): thread %d, count = %d, unlocking mutex/n",            *my_id, count);     pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);       /* Do some work so threads can alternate on mutex lock */     for (j=0; j<1000; j++)       result = result + (double)random();     }   pthread_exit(NULL); }   void *watch_count(void *idp) {   int *my_id = idp;     printf("Starting watch_count(): thread %d/n", *my_id);     /*   Lock mutex and wait for signal.  Note that the pthread_cond_wait   routine will automatically and atomically unlock mutex while it waits.   Also, note that if COUNT_LIMIT is reached before this routine is run by   the waiting thread, the loop will be skipped to prevent pthread_cond_wait   from never returning.   */   pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);   if (count<COUNT_LIMIT) {     pthread_cond_wait(&count_threshold_cv, &count_mutex);     printf("watch_count(): thread %d Condition signal            received./n", *my_id);     }   pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);   pthread_exit(NULL); }   int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {   int i, rc;   pthread_t threads[3];   pthread_attr_t attr;     /* Initialize mutex and condition variable objects */   pthread_mutex_init(&count_mutex, NULL);   pthread_cond_init (&count_threshold_cv, NULL);     /* For portability, explicitly create threads in a joinable state */   pthread_attr_init(&attr);   pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);   pthread_create(&threads[0], &attr, inc_count, (void *)&thread_ids[0]);   pthread_create(&threads[1], &attr, inc_count, (void *)&thread_ids[1]);   pthread_create(&threads[2], &attr, watch_count, (void *)&thread_ids[2]);     /* Wait for all threads to complete */   for (i=0; i<NUM_THREADS; i++) {     pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);   }   printf ("Main(): Waited on %d  threads. Done./n", NUM_THREADS);     /* Clean up and exit */   pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);   pthread_mutex_destroy(&count_mutex);   pthread_cond_destroy(&count_threshold_cv);   pthread_exit(NULL);   } ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 输出： inc_count(): thread 0, count = 1, unlocking mutex Starting watch_count(): thread 2 inc_count(): thread 1, count = 2, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 3, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 4, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 5, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 6, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 7, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 8, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 9, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 10, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 11, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 12  Threshold reached. inc_count(): thread 0, count = 12, unlocking mutex watch_count(): thread 2 Condition signal received. inc_count(): thread 1, count = 13, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 14, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 15, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 16, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 17, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 0, count = 18, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 19, unlocking mutex inc_count(): thread 1, count = 20, unlocking mutex Main(): Waited on 3  threads. Done.

 

LLNL 特定信息和建议

本节介绍了Livermore Computing's systems的特有细节。

应用:

• 所有的LC production systems 包含了POSIX版本10（最后版本）的Pthreads实现，它是首选的实现。
• 实现的区别在于能够创建的最大线程数目和它们的缺省栈大小。

编译:

• LC 维护一些编译器，不同的版本信息可以查看 LC's Supported Compilers。
• 应用于LC编译器的命令描述在 Compiling Threaded Programs。

 

Mixing MPI with Pthreads:

• 在MPI和Pthreads都存在的环境中编程是一样的，在所有LC系统中很容易实现。
• 设计:
  • 每个MPI进程典型的创建和管理N个线程，这里的N是能够最大限度发挥CPU/node 功能的线程数。
  • 最佳的N会随着你的平台和你的应用特征而变化。
  • 对于在节点间有通信适配层的IBM SP系统,在每个节点能够提供更加有效的2个(或者多个)MPI任务.
  • 一般来说,如果多线程调用MPI可能会有问题,如果MPI调用需要在线程中调用,应该保证只在一个线程中。
• 编译:
  • 针对平台和语言选择适当的MPI编译命令。
  • 注意要包含必须的标志 (如：-pthread or -qnosave) 。
  • MPICH不是线程安全的。
• 下面是应用和Pthreads的示例：
  • Serial
  • Pthreads only
  • MPI only
  • MPI with pthreads
  • makefile (for IBM SP)

 

没有提及的方面

有几个Pthreads API 的特征在本指南中没有提及，把它们列在下面：你可以从Pthread Library Routines Reference部分找到相应的信息。

• Thread 调度
  • 调度会随着具体的实现而不同，在大多数时候，缺省的调度机制已经足够了。
  • Pthreads API提供的例程可以显式的设置调度策略和优先级，这些设置会覆盖缺省的设置。
  • API并不要求一定实现这些功能。
• Keys: 线程特有数据
  • 随着线程从不同的例程调用和返回，本地数据会随之申请和销毁。
  • 为了保存栈数据，通常可以把它作为参数从一个例程传递到下一例程，或者把它保存到一个线程的全局变量中。
  • Pthreads 可能提供另外的方便且通用的方法去获取这些keys.
• 为了处理优先级倒置（"priority inversion"）问题而需要的Mutex Protocol属性和Mutex 优先级管理
• 条件变量的进程间共享
• 注销线程
• 线程和信号

 

Pthread 库例程参考

 

Pthread Functions
Thread Management	pthread_create
	pthread_exit
	pthread_join
	pthread_once
	pthread_kill
	pthread_self
	pthread_equal
	pthread_yield
	pthread_detach
Thread-Specific Data	pthread_key_create
	pthread_key_delete
	pthread_getspecific
	pthread_setspecific
Thread Cancellation	pthread_cancel
	pthread_cleanup_pop
	pthread_cleanup_push
	pthread_setcancelstate
	pthread_getcancelstate
	pthread_testcancel
Thread Scheduling	pthread_getschedparam
	pthread_setschedparam
Signals	pthread_sigmask
Pthread Attribute Functions
Basic Management	pthread_attr_init
	pthread_attr_destroy
Detachable or Joinable	pthread_attr_setdetachstate
	pthread_attr_getdetachstate
Specifying Stack Information	pthread_attr_getstackaddr
	pthread_attr_getstacksize
	pthread_attr_setstackaddr
	pthread_attr_setstacksize
Thread Scheduling Attributes	pthread_attr_getschedparam
	pthread_attr_setschedparam
	pthread_attr_getschedpolicy
	pthread_attr_setschedpolicy
	pthread_attr_setinheritsched
	pthread_attr_getinheritsched
	pthread_attr_setscope
	pthread_attr_getscope
Mutex Functions
Mutex Management	pthread_mutex_init
	pthread_mutex_destroy
	pthread_mutex_lock
	pthread_mutex_unlock
	pthread_mutex_trylock
Priority Management	pthread_mutex_setprioceiling
	pthread_mutex_getprioceiling
Mutex Attribute Functions
Basic Management	pthread_mutexattr_init
	pthread_mutexattr_destroy
Sharing	pthread_mutexattr_getpshared
	pthread_mutexattr_setpshared
Protocol Attributes	pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol
	pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol
Priority Management	pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling
	pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling
Condition Variable Functions
Basic Management	pthread_cond_init
	pthread_cond_destroy
	pthread_cond_signal
	pthread_cond_broadcast
	pthread_cond_wait
	pthread_cond_timedwait
Condition Variable Attribute Functions
Basic Management	pthread_condattr_init
	pthread_condattr_destroy
Sharing	pthread_condattr_getpshared
	pthread_condattr_setpshared

下面是一些练习与其他信息

• Exercise
• Agenda
• Back to the top

 

参考和更多的信息

 

• Author: Blaise Barney, Livermore Computing.
• "Pthreads Programming". B. Nichols et al. O'Reilly and Associates.
• "Threads Primer". B. Lewis and D. Berg. Prentice Hall
• "Programming With POSIX Threads". D. Butenhof. Addison Wesley
  www.awl.com/cseng/titles/0-201-63392-2
• "Programming With Threads". S. Kleiman et al. Prentice Hall

    （完）

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