Introduce Null Object（引入Null 对象）

一而再，再而三地检查对象是否null

public class Site {
	private Customer customer;
	
	public Customer getCustomer() {
		return customer;
	}
}


public class Customer {
	
	private String name;
	
	private BillingPlan plan;
	
	private PaymentHistory history;

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	
	public String getPlan() {
		return plan;
	}
	
	public String getHistory() {
		return history;
	}
}

public class PaymentHistory {
	
	private Integer weeksDelingquent;
	
	public int getWeeksDelingquentInLastYear() {
		return weeksDelingquentInLastYear;
	}
}


Customer customer = site.getCustomer();
BillingPlan plan;
if (customer == null) {
	plan = BillingPlan.basic();
} else {
	plan = customer.getPlan();
}
//...
String customerName;
if (customer == null) {
	customerName = "occupant";
} else {
	customerName = customer.getName();
}
//...
int weeksDelingquent;
if (customer == null) {
	weeksDelingquent = 0;
} else {
	weeksDelingquent = customer.getHistory().getWeeksDelingquentInLastYear();
}

重构：将null值替换为null对象

注意：空对象一定是常量，它们的任何成分都不会发生变化。因此可以使用Singleton 模式实现。

public interface Nullable {
	public boolean isNull();
}


public class Site {
	private Customer customer;
	
	public Customer getCustomer() {
		return customer == null ? Customer.newNull() : customer;
	}
}


public class Customer implements Nullable {
	
	private String name;
	
	private BillingPlan plan;
	
	private PaymentHistory history;

	public boolean isNull() {
		return false;
	}
	
	public static Customer newNull() {
		return new NullCustomer();
	}
	
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	
	public String getPlan() {
		return plan;
	}
	
	public void setPlan(BillingPlan plan) {
		this.plan = plan;
	}
	
	public String getHistory() {
		return history;
	}
}

public class PaymentHistory implements Nullable {
	
	private Integer weeksDelingquent;
	
	public boolean isNull() {
		return false;
	}
	
	public int getWeeksDelingquentInLastYear() {
		return weeksDelingquentInLastYear;
	}
	
	public static PaymentHistory newNull() {
		return new NullPaymentHistory();
	}
}


public class NullCustomer extends Customer {
	
	public boolean isNull() {
		return true;
	}
	
	public String getName() {
		return "occupant";
	}
	
	public String getPlan() {
		return BillingPlan.basic();
	}
	
	public String getHistory() {
		return PaymentHistory.newNull();
	}
	
}

public class NullPaymentHistory extends PaymentHistory {

	public boolean isNull() {
		return true;
	}
	
	public int getWeeksDelingquentInLastYear() {
		return 0;
	}
	
}



Customer customer = site.getCustomer();
BillingPlan plan = customer.getPlan();
//...
String customerName = customer.getName();
//...
int weeksDelingquent = customer.getHistory().getWeeksDelingquentInLastYear();