【Android 逆向】ART 脱壳 ( DexClassLoader 脱壳 | oat_file_assistant.cc 中涉及的 oat 文件生成流程 )

前言

---

在上一篇博客 【Android 逆向】ART 脱壳 ( DexClassLoader 脱壳 | DexClassLoader 构造函数 | 参考 Dalvik 的 DexClassLoader 类加载流程 ) 中 , 分析了 ART 虚拟机下 DexClassLoader 类加载器加载 dex 文件的 Java 层流程 , 与 Dalvik 虚拟机下基本一致 , 从 native 层开始不一致 , 本篇博客开始分析 native 层的类加载流程 ;

一、dalvik_system_DexFile.cc#DexFile_openDexFileNative 函数分析

---

在下面的 DexFile_openDexFileNative 方法中 ,

jstring javaSourceName 参数是要加载的 dex 文件路径 ,

下面调用的 OpenDexFilesFromOat 函数 , 是生成 oat 文件的关键流程入口 ;

  dex_files = runtime->GetOatFileManager().OpenDexFilesFromOat(sourceName.c_str(),
                                                               class_loader,
                                                               dex_elements,
                                                               /*out*/ &oat_file,
                                                               /*out*/ &error_msgs);

dalvik_system_DexFile.cc#DexFile_openDexFileNative 源码 :

// TODO(calin): clean up the unused parameters (here and in libcore).
static jobject DexFile_openDexFileNative(JNIEnv* env,
                                         jclass,
                                         jstring javaSourceName,
                                         jstring javaOutputName ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                         jint flags ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                         jobject class_loader,
                                         jobjectArray dex_elements) {
  ScopedUtfChars sourceName(env, javaSourceName);
  if (sourceName.c_str() == nullptr) {
    return 0;
  }

  Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
  ClassLinker* linker = runtime->GetClassLinker();
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files;
  std::vector<std::string> error_msgs;

  // OAT 文件
  const OatFile* oat_file = nullptr;

  // ★ 核心跳转 
  dex_files = runtime->GetOatFileManager().OpenDexFilesFromOat(sourceName.c_str(),
                                                               class_loader,
                                                               dex_elements,
                                                               /*out*/ &oat_file,
                                                               /*out*/ &error_msgs);

  if (!dex_files.empty()) {
    jlongArray array = ConvertDexFilesToJavaArray(env, oat_file, dex_files);
    if (array == nullptr) {
      ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
      for (auto& dex_file : dex_files) {
        if (linker->IsDexFileRegistered(soa.Self(), *dex_file)) {
          dex_file.release();
        }
      }
    }
    return array;
  } else {
    ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
    CHECK(!error_msgs.empty());
    // The most important message is at the end. So set up nesting by going forward, which will
    // wrap the existing exception as a cause for the following one.
    auto it = error_msgs.begin();
    auto itEnd = error_msgs.end();
    for ( ; it != itEnd; ++it) {
      ThrowWrappedIOException("%s", it->c_str());
    }

    return nullptr;
  }
}

源码路径 : /art/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc#DexFile_openDexFileNative

二、oat_file_manager.cc#OpenDexFilesFromOat 函数分析

---

先声明 oat 文件对象 ,

  // 声明 OatFile 对象
  const OatFile* source_oat_file = nullptr;

然后判断是否有生成 oat 文件 , 如果是第一次调用 , 肯定没有生成 oat 文件 ,

!oat_file_assistant.IsUpToDate()

如果没有生成 oat 文件 , 则执行

oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(/*profile_changed*/false, /*out*/ &error_msg)

方法 , 开始生成 oat 文件 ;

oat_file_manager.cc#OpenDexFilesFromOat 函数源码 :

std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> OatFileManager::OpenDexFilesFromOat(
    const char* dex_location,
    jobject class_loader,
    jobjectArray dex_elements,
    const OatFile** out_oat_file,
    std::vector<std::string>* error_msgs) {
  ScopedTrace trace(__FUNCTION__);
  CHECK(dex_location != nullptr);
  CHECK(error_msgs != nullptr);

  // 验证我们没有持有mutator锁，如果我们必须生成或重新定位oat文件，这可能会导致GC饥饿。
  Thread* const self = Thread::Current();
  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertNotHeld(self);
  Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();

  OatFileAssistant oat_file_assistant(dex_location,
                                      kRuntimeISA,
                                      !runtime->IsAotCompiler());

  // 锁定目标oat位置以避免生成和加载oat文件。
  std::string error_msg;
  if (!oat_file_assistant.Lock(/*out*/&error_msg)) {
    // Don't worry too much if this fails. If it does fail, it's unlikely we
    // can generate an oat file anyway.
    VLOG(class_linker) << "OatFileAssistant::Lock: " << error_msg;
  }

  // 声明 OatFile 对象
  const OatFile* source_oat_file = nullptr;

  // 判断是否有生成 oat 文件 , 如果是第一次调用 , 肯定没有生成 oat 文件
  if (!oat_file_assistant.IsUpToDate()) {
    // 如果可以，根据从当前运行时选项派生的--compiler-filter选项更新磁盘上的oat文件
    // 这可能会失败，但没关系。这里最重要的是尽最大努力。
    // ★ 核心跳转 
    switch (oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(/*profile_changed*/false, /*out*/ &error_msg)) {
      case OatFileAssistant::kUpdateFailed:
        LOG(WARNING) << error_msg;
        break;

      case OatFileAssistant::kUpdateNotAttempted:
        // 如果我们决定不尝试更新oat文件，请避免滥发日志。
        VLOG(oat) << error_msg;
        break;

      case OatFileAssistant::kUpdateSucceeded:
        // Nothing to do.
        break;
    }
  }

  // Get the oat file on disk.
  std::unique_ptr<const OatFile> oat_file(oat_file_assistant.GetBestOatFile().release());

  if (oat_file != nullptr) {
    // 仅当文件没有冲突时才获取该文件，否则我们必须获取该文件，因为存在预选项。
    bool accept_oat_file =
        !HasCollisions(oat_file.get(), class_loader, dex_elements, /*out*/ &error_msg);
    if (!accept_oat_file) {
      // 冲突检查失败。打印警告。
      if (Runtime::Current()->IsDexFileFallbackEnabled()) {
        if (!oat_file_assistant.HasOriginalDexFiles()) {
          // 我们需要回退，但没有原始的dex文件。
          // 我们必须回退到打开现有的oat文件。
          // 这可能不安全，因此我们对此发出警告。
          accept_oat_file = true;

          LOG(WARNING) << "Dex location " << dex_location << " does not seem to include dex file. "
                       << "Allow oat file use. This is potentially dangerous.";
        } else {
          // 我们必须回退并找到原始的dex文件-从APK中提取它们。
          // 同时警告此操作，因为它可能会造成浪费。
          LOG(WARNING) << "Found duplicate classes, falling back to extracting from APK : "
                       << dex_location;
          LOG(WARNING) << "NOTE: This wastes RAM and hurts startup performance.";
        }
      } else {
        // TODO: 我们应该删除这个。我们在这里的事实意味着没有设置-Xno dex文件回退，
        // 这意味着我们永远不应该回退。
        // 如果我们没有原始的dex文件，我们应该按照标志的意图失败解析。
        if (!oat_file_assistant.HasOriginalDexFiles()) {
          accept_oat_file = true;
        }

        LOG(WARNING) << "Found duplicate classes, dex-file-fallback disabled, will be failing to "
                        " load classes for " << dex_location;
      }

      LOG(WARNING) << error_msg;
    }

    if (accept_oat_file) {
      VLOG(class_linker) << "Registering " << oat_file->GetLocation();
      source_oat_file = RegisterOatFile(std::move(oat_file));
      *out_oat_file = source_oat_file;
    }
  }

  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files;

  // Load the dex files from the oat file.
  if (source_oat_file != nullptr) {
    bool added_image_space = false;
    if (source_oat_file->IsExecutable()) {
      std::unique_ptr<gc::space::ImageSpace> image_space =
          kEnableAppImage ? oat_file_assistant.OpenImageSpace(source_oat_file) : nullptr;
      if (image_space != nullptr) {
        ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
        StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
        Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> h_loader(
            hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
        // Can not load app image without class loader.
        if (h_loader != nullptr) {
          std::string temp_error_msg;
          // Add image space has a race condition since other threads could be reading from the
          // spaces array.
          {
            ScopedThreadSuspension sts(self, kSuspended);
            gc::ScopedGCCriticalSection gcs(self,
                                            gc::kGcCauseAddRemoveAppImageSpace,
                                            gc::kCollectorTypeAddRemoveAppImageSpace);
            ScopedSuspendAll ssa("Add image space");
            runtime->GetHeap()->AddSpace(image_space.get());
          }
          {
            ScopedTrace trace2(StringPrintf("Adding image space for location %s", dex_location));
            added_image_space = runtime->GetClassLinker()->AddImageSpace(image_space.get(),
                                                                         h_loader,
                                                                         dex_elements,
                                                                         dex_location,
                                                                         /*out*/&dex_files,
                                                                         /*out*/&temp_error_msg);
          }
          if (added_image_space) {
            // Successfully added image space to heap, release the map so that it does not get
            // freed.
            image_space.release();
          } else {
            LOG(INFO) << "Failed to add image file " << temp_error_msg;
            dex_files.clear();
            {
              ScopedThreadSuspension sts(self, kSuspended);
              gc::ScopedGCCriticalSection gcs(self,
                                              gc::kGcCauseAddRemoveAppImageSpace,
                                              gc::kCollectorTypeAddRemoveAppImageSpace);
              ScopedSuspendAll ssa("Remove image space");
              runtime->GetHeap()->RemoveSpace(image_space.get());
            }
            // Non-fatal, don't update error_msg.
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (!added_image_space) {
      DCHECK(dex_files.empty());
      dex_files = oat_file_assistant.LoadDexFiles(*source_oat_file, dex_location);
    }
    if (dex_files.empty()) {
      error_msgs->push_back("Failed to open dex files from " + source_oat_file->GetLocation());
    }
  }

  // Fall back to running out of the original dex file if we couldn't load any
  // dex_files from the oat file.
  if (dex_files.empty()) {
    if (oat_file_assistant.HasOriginalDexFiles()) {
      if (Runtime::Current()->IsDexFileFallbackEnabled()) {
        static constexpr bool kVerifyChecksum = true;
        if (!DexFile::Open(
            dex_location, dex_location, kVerifyChecksum, /*out*/ &error_msg, &dex_files)) {
          LOG(WARNING) << error_msg;
          error_msgs->push_back("Failed to open dex files from " + std::string(dex_location)
                                + " because: " + error_msg);
        }
      } else {
        error_msgs->push_back("Fallback mode disabled, skipping dex files.");
      }
    } else {
      error_msgs->push_back("No original dex files found for dex location "
          + std::string(dex_location));
    }
  }

  return dex_files;
}

源码路径 : /art/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc#OpenDexFilesFromOat

三、oat_file_assistant.cc#MakeUpToDate 函数分析

---

在 oat_file_assistant.cc#MakeUpToDate 函数中 , 最终调用了 GenerateOatFileNoChecks 函数 , 执行下一步操作 ;

oat_file_assistant.cc#MakeUpToDate 函数源码 :

OatFileAssistant::ResultOfAttemptToUpdate
OatFileAssistant::MakeUpToDate(bool profile_changed, std::string* error_msg) {
  CompilerFilter::Filter target;
  if (!GetRuntimeCompilerFilterOption(&target, error_msg)) {
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }

  OatFileInfo& info = GetBestInfo();
  switch (info.GetDexOptNeeded(target, profile_changed)) {
    case kNoDexOptNeeded:
      return kUpdateSucceeded;

    // TODO: 现在，不要为我们打电话的各种方式而烦恼
	// dex2oat生成oat文件。始终生成oat文件，就像它
	// KDEX2O是从头开始的。
    case kDex2OatFromScratch:
    case kDex2OatForBootImage:
    case kDex2OatForRelocation:
    case kDex2OatForFilter:
      // ★ 核心跳转 
      return GenerateOatFileNoChecks(info, target, error_msg);
  }
  UNREACHABLE();
}

源码路径 : /art/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc#MakeUpToDate

四、oat_file_assistant.cc#GenerateOatFileNoChecks 函数分析

---

先判断 Dex2Oat 当前是否可用 , 如果不可用 , 直接返回 ;

!runtime->IsDex2OatEnabled()

oat_file_assistant.cc#GenerateOatFileNoChecks 函数源码 :

OatFileAssistant::ResultOfAttemptToUpdate OatFileAssistant::GenerateOatFileNoChecks(
      OatFileAssistant::OatFileInfo& info, CompilerFilter::Filter filter, std::string* error_msg) {
  CHECK(error_msg != nullptr);

  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();

  // 判断 Dex2Oat 当前是否可用 , 如果不可用 , 直接返回 
  if (!runtime->IsDex2OatEnabled()) {
    *error_msg = "Generation of oat file for dex location " + dex_location_
      + " not attempted because dex2oat is disabled.";
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }

  if (info.Filename() == nullptr) {
    *error_msg = "Generation of oat file for dex location " + dex_location_
      + " not attempted because the oat file name could not be determined.";
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }
  const std::string& oat_file_name = *info.Filename();
  const std::string& vdex_file_name = GetVdexFilename(oat_file_name);

  // dex2oat ignores missing dex files and doesn't report an error.
  // Check explicitly here so we can detect the error properly.
  // TODO: Why does dex2oat behave that way?
  struct stat dex_path_stat;
  if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(stat(dex_location_.c_str(), &dex_path_stat)) != 0) {
    *error_msg = "Could not access dex location " + dex_location_ + ":" + strerror(errno);
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }

  // If this is the odex location, we need to create the odex file layout (../oat/isa/..)
  if (!info.IsOatLocation()) {
    if (!PrepareOdexDirectories(dex_location_, oat_file_name, isa_, error_msg)) {
      return kUpdateNotAttempted;
    }
  }

  // Set the permissions for the oat and the vdex files.
  // The user always gets read and write while the group and others propagate
  // the reading access of the original dex file.
  mode_t file_mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR |
      (dex_path_stat.st_mode & S_IRGRP) |
      (dex_path_stat.st_mode & S_IROTH);

  std::unique_ptr<File> vdex_file(OS::CreateEmptyFile(vdex_file_name.c_str()));
  if (vdex_file.get() == nullptr) {
    *error_msg = "Generation of oat file " + oat_file_name
      + " not attempted because the vdex file " + vdex_file_name
      + " could not be opened.";
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }

  if (fchmod(vdex_file->Fd(), file_mode) != 0) {
    *error_msg = "Generation of oat file " + oat_file_name
      + " not attempted because the vdex file " + vdex_file_name
      + " could not be made world readable.";
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }

  std::unique_ptr<File> oat_file(OS::CreateEmptyFile(oat_file_name.c_str()));
  if (oat_file.get() == nullptr) {
    *error_msg = "Generation of oat file " + oat_file_name
      + " not attempted because the oat file could not be created.";
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }

  if (fchmod(oat_file->Fd(), file_mode) != 0) {
    *error_msg = "Generation of oat file " + oat_file_name
      + " not attempted because the oat file could not be made world readable.";
    oat_file->Erase();
    return kUpdateNotAttempted;
  }

  std::vector<std::string> args;
  args.push_back("--dex-file=" + dex_location_);
  args.push_back("--output-vdex-fd=" + std::to_string(vdex_file->Fd()));
  args.push_back("--oat-fd=" + std::to_string(oat_file->Fd()));
  args.push_back("--oat-location=" + oat_file_name);
  args.push_back("--compiler-filter=" + CompilerFilter::NameOfFilter(filter));

  // ★ 核心跳转 
  if (!Dex2Oat(args, error_msg)) {
    // Manually delete the oat and vdex files. This ensures there is no garbage
    // left over if the process unexpectedly died.
    vdex_file->Erase();
    unlink(vdex_file_name.c_str());
    oat_file->Erase();
    unlink(oat_file_name.c_str());
    return kUpdateFailed;
  }

  if (vdex_file->FlushCloseOrErase() != 0) {
    *error_msg = "Unable to close vdex file " + vdex_file_name;
    unlink(vdex_file_name.c_str());
    return kUpdateFailed;
  }

  if (oat_file->FlushCloseOrErase() != 0) {
    *error_msg = "Unable to close oat file " + oat_file_name;
    unlink(oat_file_name.c_str());
    return kUpdateFailed;
  }

  // Mark that the odex file has changed and we should try to reload.
  info.Reset();
  return kUpdateSucceeded;
}

源码路径 : /art/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc#GenerateOatFileNoChecks

五、oat_file_assistant.cc#Dex2Oat 函数分析

---

在 oat_file_assistant.cc#Dex2Oat 函数中 , 主要是准备 Dex2Oat 可执行二进制程序的相关参数 ,

最终调用了

Exec(argv, error_msg)

函数 , 完成 Dex2Oat 执行的过程 ;

oat_file_assistant.cc#Dex2Oat 函数源码 :

bool OatFileAssistant::Dex2Oat(const std::vector<std::string>& args,
                               std::string* error_msg) {
  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
  std::string image_location = ImageLocation();
  if (image_location.empty()) {
    *error_msg = "No image location found for Dex2Oat.";
    return false;
  }

  std::vector<std::string> argv;
  argv.push_back(runtime->GetCompilerExecutable());
  argv.push_back("--runtime-arg");
  argv.push_back("-classpath");
  argv.push_back("--runtime-arg");
  std::string class_path = runtime->GetClassPathString();
  if (class_path == "") {
    class_path = OatFile::kSpecialSharedLibrary;
  }
  argv.push_back(class_path);
  if (runtime->IsJavaDebuggable()) {
    argv.push_back("--debuggable");
  }
  runtime->AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(&argv);

  if (!runtime->IsVerificationEnabled()) {
    argv.push_back("--compiler-filter=verify-none");
  }

  if (runtime->MustRelocateIfPossible()) {
    argv.push_back("--runtime-arg");
    argv.push_back("-Xrelocate");
  } else {
    argv.push_back("--runtime-arg");
    argv.push_back("-Xnorelocate");
  }

  if (!kIsTargetBuild) {
    argv.push_back("--host");
  }

  argv.push_back("--boot-image=" + image_location);

  std::vector<std::string> compiler_options = runtime->GetCompilerOptions();
  argv.insert(argv.end(), compiler_options.begin(), compiler_options.end());

  argv.insert(argv.end(), args.begin(), args.end());

  std::string command_line(android::base::Join(argv, ' '));
  // ★ 核心跳转
  return Exec(argv, error_msg);
}

源码路径 : /art/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc#Dex2Oat