【期末复习】高级计算机英语（1）-- 名词解释

【期末复习】高级计算机英语（1）-- 名词解释

广东外语外贸大学 高级计算机英语期末复习
题型：
1.名词解释2 10
2.翻译（小段）2 15
3.翻译（大段）2 25

人名

1. Euclid: the ancient Greek mathematician, who discovered Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two positive integers.

   欧几里得：古希腊数学家，发现的欧几里得算法用于求两个正整数的最大公约数

2. Kurt Godel: published Kurt Godel’s incompleteness theorem, which essentially states any complete study of our arithmetic system lies beyond the scope of algorithmic activities.

   库尔特-哥德尔: 发表不完备性定理，该定理指出对任何算术体系的完整研究都超出了算法活动的能力范围

3. Blaise Pascal: His machines achieved output by observing the final gear positions, which was built to perform only addition.

布莱斯-帕斯卡: 他的机器通过观察最终齿轮位置实现输出，并且只能进行加法运算

4. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: His machines achieved output by observing the final gear positions, and offered a variety of arithmetic operations from which the operator could select.

   戈特弗里德-威廉-莱布尼兹: 他的机器通过观察最终齿轮位置实现输出，并且提供了多种算术运算给操作者选择

5. Charles Babbage: envisioned machines that would print results of computations on paper, thereby eliminating the possibility of transcription errors.

   查尔斯-巴贝奇: 设想的机器可以将计算结果打印在纸上，从而消除了转录错误的可能性

6. Augusta Ada Byron: the world’s first programmer, wrote a paper demonstrating how to program Babbage’s Analysis Engine to perform various calculations

   奥古斯塔-阿达-拜伦，世界上第一位程序员，表过一篇论文，展示了如何通过编程让巴贝奇的分析引擎执行各种计算

7. Joseph Jacquard: invented a weaving loom in 1801, in which the steps required for weaving were determined by patterns of holes in large thick cards made of wood (or cardboard).

   约瑟夫-雅克：在 1801 年发明了一种织布机，织布过程中需要执行的步骤是由木头（或纸板）制成的厚大卡片上的孔洞图案决定的

8. Herman Hollerith: applied the concept of representing information as holes in paper cards to speed up the tabulation process in the 1890 U.S. census.

   赫尔曼-霍勒思：在 1890 年美国人口普查中应用了以纸卡上的孔来表示信息的概念，从而加快了制表过程。

9. George Stibitz: completed the electromechanical machine, in 1940 at Bell Laboratories

   乔治-斯特彼兹：1940 年在贝尔实验室完成了机电机器

10. Howard Aiken: completed the Mark I in 1944 at Harvard University, with a group of IBM engineers

    霍华德-艾肯：和一群 IBM 工程师于 1944 年在哈佛大学完成的马克一号

11. John Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry: Between 1937 and 1941, they invented the first fully electronic computer using vacuum tube technology at Iowa State College - the Atanasoff-Berry machine.

    约翰-阿塔纳索夫和他的助手克利福德-贝里: 在1937 年至 1941 年期间在爱荷华州立学院制造了第一台应用真空管技术制造完全电子化的计算机—阿塔纳索夫-贝里机器

12. Tommy Flowers: built Colossus in England, to decode German messages during the latter part of World War II.

    汤米-弗劳尔斯：建造了“巨像”，用于在二战后期解码德国信息

13. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert: developed more flexible machines, such as the ENIAC at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania

    约翰-毛克利和J-普雷斯佩尔-埃克特：宾夕法尼亚大学摩尔电子工程学院，开发出了其他更灵活的机器，如ENIAC

14. William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain: were physicists who invented the transistor and won the Nobel Prize

    威廉-肖克利、约翰-巴丁和沃尔特-布拉坦：物理学家，发明了晶体管，获得了诺贝尔奖

15. Jack Kilby：invented the complete circuits constructed as single units, called integrated circuits, and won the Nobel Prize

    杰克-基尔比：发明了单个单元构建的完整电路（称为集成电路），获得诺贝尔奖

16. Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak: built a commercially viable home computer and, in 1976, established Apple Computer, Inc. to manufacture and market their products.

    史蒂夫-乔布斯和斯蒂芬-沃兹尼亚克：制造出了具有商业价值的家用电脑，并于 1976 年成立了苹果电脑公司，负责生产和销售他们的产品

17. Tim Berners-Lee: a British scientist, who proposed a system that can connect documents stored on computers throughout the Internet, forming a maze of information links called the World Wide Web

    蒂姆-伯纳斯-李：英国科学家，提出了一个系统，通过该系统可以将整个互联网中存储在计算机上的文档连接在一起，形成一个名为万维网的信息链接迷宫

概念

1. Computer science: is the discipline that seeks to build a scientific foundation for such topics as computer design, computer programming, information processing, algorithmic solutions of problems, and the algorithmic process itself.

   计算机科学：是一门旨在为计算机设计、计算机编程、信息处理、算法解决问题以及算法过程本身等主题奠定科学基础的学科

2. Algorithm: is a set of steps that defines how a task is performed.

   算法：是一组定义任务如何执行的步骤

3. Program: a representation of an algorithm

   程序：算法的表示形式

4. Programming: the process of developing a program, encoding it in machine-compatible form, and inserting it into a machine

   编程：开发程序将其编码为与机器兼容的形式，并将其插入机器的过程

5. Software: Programs, and the algorithms they represent

   软件：程序及其所代表的算法

6. Hardware: the machinery itself

   硬件：机器本身

7. Abacus: consisting of beads strung on rods that are in turn mounted in a rectangular frame.

   算盘：由串在杆上的珠子组成，杆又安装在一个矩形框架中

8. ENIAC: electronic numerical integrator and calculator

   电子数字积分计算机

9. Integrated circuits: complete circuits constructed as single units

   集成电路：以单个单元构建的完整电路

10. Chips: integrated circuits encased in toy-sized blocks of plastic

    芯片：集成电路封装在玩具大小的塑料块中

11. PC: is widely used to refer to all those machines whose design has evolved from IBM’s initial desktop computer, and is used interchangeably with the generic terms desktop or laptop.

    PC：被广泛用于指代所有那些从 IBM 最初的台式电脑设计演变而来的机器，有时也与台式机或笔记本电脑等通用术语交替使用

12. World Wide Web: is a system that connects documents stored on computers throughout the entire internet

    万维网：是将整个互联网中存储在计算机上的文档连接在一起的系统

13. Search engines: “sift through” the Web “categorize” their findings, and then use the results to assist users researching specific topics.

    搜索引擎: "筛选 "万维网上的信息，并对其结果进行 “分类”，然后利用这些结果来帮助用户寻找特定的主题

14. Abstraction: refers to the difference between the external properties of an entity and the details of the entity’s internal composition.

    抽象：指实体的外部属性与实体内部构成细节之间的区别