Cisco IOS Cookbook 中文精简版 21-23 NAT

 21.1.  配置基本NAT功能
ONT-FAMILY: 宋体">提问在路由器上启用基本的NAT功能
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# access-list 15 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
Router(config)# ip nat inside source list 15 interface FastEthernet0/0 overload
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/2
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface Ethernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.5 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 例子中的配置实现了对地址段192.168.0.0/16访问外部网络重写为172.16.1.5的功能，基本的地址翻译功能
21.2.  动态分配外部地址
提问 从某个特定的地址池来动态分配地址
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# access-list 15 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
Router(config)# ip nat pool NATPOOL 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.150 netmask 255.255.255.0
Router(config)# ip nat inside source list 15 pool NATPOOL
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface Ethernet1/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 ip nat inside source list 15 pool NATPOOL 定义了翻译出去的地址池，如果地址池可以地址用完新的翻译将不成功，如果加上了overload参数将会从第一个地址开始翻译进行复用。另外这里的地址池并不一定要和outside端口的地址在同一网段，只要有相应的路由就可以。
21.3.  静态分配外部地址
提问 翻译某些特定的内部地址为特定的外部地址
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.15 172.16.1.10
Router(config)# ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.16 172.16.1.11
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface Ethernet1/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 静态地址翻译
21.4.  地址静态和动态翻译结合
提问 静态和动态地址翻译相结合
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# access-list 15 deny 192.168.1.15 0.0.0.0
Router(config)# access-list 15 deny 192.168.1.16 0.0.0.0
Router(config)# access-list 15 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
Router(config)# ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.15 172.16.1.10
Router(config)# ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.16 172.16.1.11
Router(config)# ip nat pool NATPOOL 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.150 netmask 255.255.255.0
Router(config)# ip nat inside source list 15 pool NATPOOL overload
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface Ethernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 这里的控制列表把所要静态内部地址排除了，当然这一步也不是必须的，因为静态翻译的优先级要高于动态翻译的，不过静态翻译的外部地址必须要从动态翻译的地址池中排除。
21.5.  使用Route Maps来进行翻译规则控制
提问 使用Route Maps来进行更好的静态地址翻译
回答
Router1# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.5 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.2.5 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/2
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# ip nat inside source route-map ISP-1 interface FastEthernet0/0 overload
Router(config)# ip nat inside source route-map ISP-2 interface FastEthernet0/1 overload
Router(config)# route-map ISP-1 permit 10
Router(config-route-map)# match interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-route-map)# exit
Router(config)# route-map ISP-2 permit 10
Router(config-route-map)# match interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-route-map)# exit
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 适用于多个outside端口的情况
21.6.  同时两个方向地址翻译
提问 同时对内部地址和外部地址进行翻译
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# access-list 15 deny 192.168.1.15
Router(config)# access-list 15 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
Router(config)# access-list 16 deny 172.16.5.25
Router(config)# access-list 16 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255
Router(config)# ip nat pool NATPOOL 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.150 netmask 255.255.255.0
Router(config)# ip nat pool INBOUNDNAT 192.168.15.100 192.168.15.200 netmask 255.255.255.0
Router(config)# ip nat inside source list 15 pool NATPOOL overload
Router(config)# ip nat inside source list 16 pool INBOUNDNAT overload
Router(config)# ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.15 172.16.1.10
Router(config)# ip nat outside source static 172.16.5.25 192.168.15.5
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 Ethernet0/0
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# interface Ethernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 暂无
21.7.  网络前缀重写
提问 简单的改变某个网络段的前缀
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# ip nat outside source static network 172.16.0.0 172.17.0.0 /16 no-alias
Router(config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 Ethernet1/0
Router(config)# ip route 172.17.0.0 255.255.0.0 Ethernet1/0
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1 .1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface Ethernet1/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.6 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 适用于两个网络互访而地址段冲突的情况
21.8.  使用NAT来进行服务器负荷分担
提问 多个服务器使用同一IP地址从而实现应用的负荷分担
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# ip nat pool WEBSERVERS 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.105 netmask 255.255.255.0 type rotary
Router(config)# access-list 20 permit host 192.168.1.100
Router(config)# ip nat inside destination list 20 pool WEBSERVERS
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 这里不同点在于使用了rotary的参数和使用了destination而不是source在翻译规则中，当然这种是穷人的负载均衡解决方案
21.9.  基于状态的NAT切换
提问 在高可用性网络中部署NAT，这样一台设备坏掉的情况下另一台可以切换起到NAT作用
回答
RouterA
Router-A# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router-A(config)# access-list 11 permit any
Router-A(config)# ip nat pool NATPOOL 172.17.100.100 172.17.100.150 netmask 255.255.255.0
Router-A(config)# ip nat inside source list 11 pool NATPOOL mapping-id 1
Router-A(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
Router-A(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0
Router-A(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router-A(config-if)# standby 1 ip 192.168.1.1
Router-A(config-if)# standby 1 preempt
Router-A(config-if)# standby 1 name SNATGROUP
Router-A(config-if)# exit
Router-A(config)# interface Serial0/0
Router-A(config-if)# ip address 172.17.55.2 255.255.255.252
Router-A(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router-A(config-if)# exit
Router-A(config)# ip nat Stateful id 1
Router-A(config-ipnat-snat)# redundancy SNATGROUP
Router(config-ipnat-snat-red)# mapping-id 1
Router(config-ipnat-snat-red)# exit
Router-A(config)# end
Router-A#
RouterB
Router-B# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router-B(config)# access-list 11 permit any
Router-B(config)# ip nat pool NATPOOL 172.17.100.100 172.17.100.150 netmask 255.255.255.0
Router-B(config)# ip nat inside source list 11 pool NATPOOL mapping-id 1
Router-B(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
Router-B(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router-B(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router-B(config-if)# standby 1 ip 192.168.1.1
Router-B(config-if)# standby 1 priority 90
Router-B(config-if)# standby 1 preempt
Router-B(config-if)# standby 1 name SNATGROUP
Router-B(config-if)# exit
Router-B(config)# interface Serial0/0
Router-B(config-if)# ip address 172.17.55.6 255.255.255.252
Router-B(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router-B(config-if)# exit
Router-B(config)# ip nat Stateful id 1
Router-B(config-ipnat-snat)# redundancy SNATGROUP
Router(config-ipnat-snat-red)# mapping-id 1
Router(config-ipnat-snat-red)# exit
Router-B(config)# end
Router-B#
注释 虽然说通过使用HSRP可以解决可用性的问题，但是不能同步NAT翻译表，从12.2(13)T以后思科引入了基于状态的NAT（SNAT），这样可以保持两台设备的翻译表同步，其关键命令为 ip nat Stateful 要注意的是这里的Stateful是大写开头的，这里是区分大小写的。另外SNAT只和HSRP连用，不能跟VRRP或者GLBP一起作用。同时也可以使用多组HSRP的形式来保持负载均衡。
21.10.  调整NAT 时长
提问 调整NAT翻译表中条目的时长
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# ip nat translation tcp-timeout 500
Router(config)# ip nat translation udp-timeout 30
Router(config)# ip nat translation dns-timeout 30
Router(config)# ip nat translation icmp-timeout 30
Router(config)# ip nat translation finrst-timeout 30
Router(config)# ip nat translation syn-timeout 30
Router(config)# end
Router#
也可以限制翻译表的最大条目数
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# ip nat translation max-entries 1000
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 缺省TCP为24小时，UDP为5分钟，DNS为1分钟
21.11.  修改FTP的TCP端口
提问 FTP服务器使用非正常端口
回答
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# access-list 19 permit 192.168.55.5
Router(config)# ip nat service list 19 ftp tcp port 8021
Router(config)# ip nat service list 19 ftp tcp port 21
Router(config)# end
Router#
注释 在12.2(4)T后思科引入了no-payload关键词来防止对数据包载荷的地址信息进行修改
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.5 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.10 172.16.1.5 no-payload
Router(config)# end
Router#
21.12.  检查NAT状态
提问 查看当前NAT信息
回答
Router# show ip nat translation
Router# clear ip nat translation *
Router# clear ip nat translation inside 172.18.3.2
Router# clear ip nat translation outside 192.168.1.10
Router# show ip nat statistics
Router# clear ip nat statistics
注释 Router# show ip nat translation
Pro Inside global      Inside local       Outside local      Outside global
"Inside global" 为内部设备翻译的地址"Inside local"为内部设备的真实地址"Outside local" 为外部设备翻译的地址"Outside global" 为外部设备的真实地址，global addresses在outside, local addresses 在 inside.
21.13.       NAT排错
提问 对NAT进行排错
回答
Router# debug ip nat
Router# debug ip nat detailed
Router# debug ip nat 15
Router# debug ip nat 15 detailed
注释 无