通过session，我们可以在多次浏览器请求中保持数据，接下来的部分就是用session来处理用户登录了。 当然，不能仅凭用户的一面之词，我们就相信，所以我们需要认证。
当然了，Django 也提供了工具来处理这样的常见任务（就像其他常见任务一样）。 Django 用户认证系统处理用户帐号，组，权限以及基于cookie的用户会话。这个系统一般被称为 auth/auth (认证与授权)系统。 这个系统的名称同时也表明了用户常见的两步处理。 我们需要:
1. 验证 (认证) 用户是否是他所宣称的用户(一般通过查询数据库验证其用户名和密码)
2. 验证用户是否拥有执行某种操作的 授权 (通常会通过检查一个权限表来确认)
根据这些需求，Django 认证/授权 系统会包含以下的部分：
§ 用户 :在网站注册的人
§ 权限 :用于标识用户是否可以执行某种操作的二进制(yes/no)标志
§ 组 :一种可以将标记和权限应用于多个用户的常用方法
§ Messages : 向用户显示队列式的系统消息的常用方法
如果你已经用了admin工具(详见第6章)，就会看见这些工具的大部分。如果你在admin工具中编辑过用户或组，那么实际上你已经编辑过授权系统的数据库表了。在我们执行manage.py syncdb的时候,在命令行工具中,就已经根据向导创建了第一个用户,下面我们先来看看如何使用Django的认证与授权系统做登陆和注销的功能。
首先我们先修改一下urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
from django.contrib.auth.views import login, logout
# Uncomment the next two lines to enable the admin:
# from django.contrib import admin
# admin.autodiscover()
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# Examples:
# url(r'^$', 'Bidding.views.home', name='home'),
# url(r'^Bidding/', include('Bidding.foo.urls')),
# Uncomment the admin/doc line below to enable admin documentation:
# url(r'^admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
# Uncomment the next line to enable the admin:
# url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
url(r'^hello/$', 'Bidding.views.hello'),
url(r'^time/$', 'Bidding.views.current_datetime'),
url(r'^time/plus/(\d{1,2})/$', 'Bidding.views.hours_ahead'),
url(r'^hello_base/$', 'Bidding.views.hello_base'),
url(r'^request_test/$', 'Bidding.views.request_test'),
url(r'^UsersSearch/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.search_form'),
url(r'^search/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.search'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/add/$', 'person.views.ClassroonAdd'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/list/$', 'person.views.ClassroonList'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/modify/(\d+)/$', 'person.views.ClassroonModify'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/delete/(\d+)/$', 'person.views.ClassroonDelete'),
url(r'^testPIC/$', 'Bidding.views.my_image'),
url(r'^testPDF/$', 'Bidding.views.hello_pdf'),
url(r'^testCookie/show/$', 'Bidding.views.show_cookie'),
url(r'^testCookie/set/(\w+)/$', 'Bidding.views.set_cookie'),
url(r'^testCookie/del/$', 'Bidding.views.del_cookie'),
url(r'^testSession/show/$', 'Bidding.views.show_session'),
url(r'^testSession/set/(\w+)/$', 'Bidding.views.set_session'),
url(r'^testSession/del/$', 'Bidding.views.del_session'),
#url(r'^accounts/login/$', login),
url(r'^accounts/login/$', login, {'template_name': 'login.html'}),
url(r'^accounts/logout/$', logout),
)
注意：login和logout函数是不需要我们写视图的，因为在urls.py的顶部我加入了：
fromdjango.contrib.auth.views import login, logout
也就是说这两个函数时Django默认的视图，下面的问题就出来了，如果视图的默认的，我们无从编辑，那么视图对应的模板呢？这个不用着急，在Djiango中，login对应的模板存放在： registragiton/login.html ( 可以通过视图的额外参数 template_name 修改这个模板名称)。 这个表单必须包含 username 和 password 域。如下示例：一个简单的 template 看起来是这样的。{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% if form.errors %}
<p class="error">用户名密码错误!</p>
{% endif %}
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<label for="username">用户名:</label>
<input type="text" name="username" value="" id="username">
<label for="password">密码:</label>
<input type="password" name="password" value="" id="password">
<input type="submit" value="登录" />
<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ next|escape }}" />
</form>
{% endblock %}
如果用户登录成功，缺省会重定向到 /accounts/profile 。你可以提供一个保存登录后重定向URL的next隐藏域来重载它的行为。也可以把值以GET参数的形式发送给视图函数，它会以变量next的形式保存在上下文中，这样你就可以把它用在隐藏域上了。
logout视图有一些不同。 默认情况下它渲染 registration/logged_out.html 模板（这个视图一般包含你已经成功退出的信息）。视图中还可以包含一个参数 next_page 用于退出后重定向。
这时输入你之前创建的用户名密码，就可以登录了。为了以后的学习，我们先建立一个页面为登陆后的默认页：
新建welcom.html
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>欢迎访问本页面</p>
<a href="../accounts/logout/">退出系统</a>
{% endblock %}
添加视图views.py
def welcom(request):
return render_to_response('welcom.html', locals())
配置urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
from django.contrib.auth.views import login, logout
# Uncomment the next two lines to enable the admin:
# from django.contrib import admin
# admin.autodiscover()
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# Examples:
# url(r'^$', 'Bidding.views.home', name='home'),
# url(r'^Bidding/', include('Bidding.foo.urls')),
# Uncomment the admin/doc line below to enable admin documentation:
# url(r'^admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
# Uncomment the next line to enable the admin:
# url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
url(r'^hello/$', 'Bidding.views.hello'),
url(r'^time/$', 'Bidding.views.current_datetime'),
url(r'^time/plus/(\d{1,2})/$', 'Bidding.views.hours_ahead'),
url(r'^hello_base/$', 'Bidding.views.hello_base'),
url(r'^request_test/$', 'Bidding.views.request_test'),
url(r'^UsersSearch/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.search_form'),
url(r'^search/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.search'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/add/$', 'person.views.ClassroonAdd'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/list/$', 'person.views.ClassroonList'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/modify/(\d+)/$', 'person.views.ClassroonModify'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/delete/(\d+)/$', 'person.views.ClassroonDelete'),
url(r'^testPIC/$', 'Bidding.views.my_image'),
url(r'^testPDF/$', 'Bidding.views.hello_pdf'),
url(r'^testCookie/show/$', 'Bidding.views.show_cookie'),
url(r'^testCookie/set/(\w+)/$', 'Bidding.views.set_cookie'),
url(r'^testCookie/del/$', 'Bidding.views.del_cookie'),
url(r'^testSession/show/$', 'Bidding.views.show_session'),
url(r'^testSession/set/(\w+)/$', 'Bidding.views.set_session'),
url(r'^testSession/del/$', 'Bidding.views.del_session'),
url(r'^accounts/login/$', login, {'template_name': 'login.html'}),
url(r'^accounts/logout/$', logout),
url(r'^welcom/$', 'Bidding.views.welcom'),
)
建立这个页面，是为了登陆以后跳转到这里，而不是系统默认的/accounts/profile，因此我们要修改一下login.html的模板，在next隐藏域打上我们新建的这个页面的路径，如下：
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% if form.errors %}
<p class="error">用户名密码错误!</p>
{% endif %}
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<label for="username">用户名:</label>
<input type="text" name="username" value="" id="username">
<label for="password">密码:</label>
<input type="password" name="password" value="" id="password">
<input type="submit" value="登录" />
<input type="hidden" name="next" value="../../welcome/" />
</form>
{% endblock %}
在运行一下试试看，效果达到了吧！
正如我们上面所担心的，其实welcom/页面如果没有登陆其实也是可以访问的，不用着急Django为我们提供了非常简便的办法，我们只需要在对应的视图上面加上一句@login_required 就可以了：
@login_required
def welcom(request):
return render_to_response('welcom.html', locals())
这就意味着本页面必须通过验证的用户才可以访问，注意一定要在头部加上
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
才可以哦！
我们在直接访问welcom/试验一下吧：
系统会自动定位到登陆页面，等我们登陆以后才会真正执行视图中的函数。
其实还有一种情况，就是虽然登陆了，但是一些关键的页面也不能让某些用户访问，这里就用到权限的管理了。下面我们就来重点讨论一下管理 Users, Permissions 和 Groups的过程：
首先我们先模仿Python+Django+SAE系列教程13-----MySQL记录的添\删\改
的例子制作一个用户标的基础数据库操作
首先配置urls.py:
from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
from django.contrib.auth.views import login, logout
# Uncomment the next two lines to enable the admin:
# from django.contrib import admin
# admin.autodiscover()
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# Examples:
# url(r'^$', 'Bidding.views.home', name='home'),
# url(r'^Bidding/', include('Bidding.foo.urls')),
# Uncomment the admin/doc line below to enable admin documentation:
# url(r'^admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
# Uncomment the next line to enable the admin:
# url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
url(r'^hello/$', 'Bidding.views.hello'),
url(r'^time/$', 'Bidding.views.current_datetime'),
url(r'^time/plus/(\d{1,2})/$', 'Bidding.views.hours_ahead'),
url(r'^hello_base/$', 'Bidding.views.hello_base'),
url(r'^request_test/$', 'Bidding.views.request_test'),
url(r'^UsersSearch/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.search_form'),
url(r'^search/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.search'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/add/$', 'person.views.ClassroonAdd'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/list/$', 'person.views.ClassroonList'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/modify/(\d+)/$', 'person.views.ClassroonModify'),
url(r'^ClassRoom/delete/(\d+)/$', 'person.views.ClassroonDelete'),
url(r'^testPIC/$', 'Bidding.views.my_image'),
url(r'^testPDF/$', 'Bidding.views.hello_pdf'),
url(r'^testCookie/show/$', 'Bidding.views.show_cookie'),
url(r'^testCookie/set/(\w+)/$', 'Bidding.views.set_cookie'),
url(r'^testCookie/del/$', 'Bidding.views.del_cookie'),
url(r'^testSession/show/$', 'Bidding.views.show_session'),
url(r'^testSession/set/(\w+)/$', 'Bidding.views.set_session'),
url(r'^testSession/del/$', 'Bidding.views.del_session'),
url(r'^accounts/login/$', login, {'template_name': 'login.html'}),
url(r'^accounts/logout/$', logout,{'next_page':'/accounts/login'}),
url(r'^welcom/$', 'Bidding.views.welcom'),
url(r'^User/add/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.CreateUser'),
url(r'^User/list/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.UserList'),
url(r'^User/modify/(\d+)/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.UserModify'),
url(r'^User/delete/(\d+)/$', 'Bidding.Users.views.UserDelete'),
)
添加视图,修改后的bidding/users/view.py是这样的:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
from django.template import RequestContext
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
def search_form(request):
return render_to_response('Users/search_form.html')
def search1(request):
if 'q' in request.GET:
message = '您搜索的关键字是: %r' % request.GET['q']
else:
message = '请输入您要检索的内容'
return HttpResponse(message)
def search(request):
if 'q' in request.GET and request.GET['q']:
q = request.GET['q']
return render_to_response('Users/search_results.html',
{'query': q})
else:
return render_to_response('Users/search_form.html', {'error': True})
def CreateUser(request):
if request.POST.has_key('username') and request.POST.has_key('password') and request.POST.has_key('email') :
username = request.POST['username']
password = request.POST['password']
email = request.POST['email']
user = User.objects.create_user(username=username,
email=email,
password=password)
user.save()
return render_to_response('Users/User_Add_results.html',
{'username': username},context_instance=RequestContext(request))
else:
return render_to_response('Users/User_Add.html', {'error': True},context_instance=RequestContext(request))
def UserList(request):
UserList=User.objects.all()
return render_to_response('Users/User_List.html',
{'UserList': UserList})
def UserDelete(request,id1):
GetHost=request.get_host()
try:
GetHTTP_REFERER = request.META['HTTP_REFERER']
except KeyError:
GetHTTP_REFERER = 'unknown'
if GetHTTP_REFERER!='unknown' and GetHTTP_REFERER.find(GetHost)>0:
user=User.objects.get(id=id1)
old_name = user.username
user.delete()
return render_to_response('Users/User_Delete_results.html',{'name':old_name})
else:
return render_to_response('Users/Error.html')
def UserModify(request,id1):
GetHost=request.get_host()
try:
GetHTTP_REFERER = request.META['HTTP_REFERER']
except KeyError:
GetHTTP_REFERER = 'unknown'
if GetHTTP_REFERER!='unknown' and GetHTTP_REFERER.find(GetHost)>0:
user=User.objects.get(id=id1)
old_username = user.username
old_email = user.email
old_password = user.password
if request.POST.has_key('username') and request.POST.has_key('email') and request.POST.has_key('password') :
new_username = request.POST['username']
new_email = request.POST['email']
new_password = request.POST['password']
user.username=new_username
user.email=new_email
user.set_password(new_password)
#Django 在 ``django.contrib.auth`` 提供了2个函数: ``authenticate()``和 ``login()`` 。
#如果通过给定的用户名和密码做认证，请使用 ``authenticate()`` 函数。
#user = authenticate(username=username,password=old_password)
#自己修改密码时首先验证旧密码是否正确
#user.password=new_password #这样不行的
user.save()
return render_to_response('Users/User_Modify_results.html',
{'old_username': old_username,'old_email':old_email,'old_password':old_password,'new_username': new_username,'new_email':new_email,'new_password':new_password},context_instance=RequestContext(request))
else:
return render_to_response('Users/User_Modify.html', {'error': True,'id':id1,'username':old_username,'email':old_email,'password':old_password},context_instance=RequestContext(request))
else:
return render_to_response('Users/Error.html')
注意在修改和读取密码的时候:
因为数据库中存储的django加密以后的密码,我们在读取的时候是一串加密后的字符串,这里不能够显示的表现出来,如果修改密码用简单的user.password=new_password,也是不行的,必须使用user.set_password(new_password)来修改密。#如果用户自己修改密码时首先验证旧密码是否正确，可以通过给定的用户名和密码做认证，请使用``authenticate()`` 函数，代码如下：记得要导入django.contrib.auth哦
<span style="font-weight: normal;">from django.contrib import auth
user =authenticate(username=username,password=old_password)</span>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">from django.contrib import auth
user =authenticate(username=username,password=old_password)</span>下面是一些模板，我把它们放在了Bidding/templates/Users中了
User_Add.html：
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>数据库操作简单表的添加</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>这里是用户的添加页面</h1>
{% if error %}
<p style="color: red;">请输入用户名、邮箱和密码</p>
{% endif %}
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<table border="1" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td align="center">项目</td>
<td align="center">内容</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">用户名：</td>
<td><input type="text" name="username"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">密码：</td>
<td><input type="text" name="password"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">邮箱：</td>
<td><input type="text" name="email"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="添加"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html></span>
User_Add_results.html：
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><html>
<head>
<title>查询用户结果页</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr>
<td>用户：{{username}}添加成功 ！</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/User/add/">点击返回</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html></span>
User_Delete_results.html
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><html>
<head>
<title>查询用户结果页</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr>
<td>用户：{{name}}删除成功 ！</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/User/list/">点击返回</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</span>User_List.html：
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>用户管理</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>这里是User的管理页面</h1>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td align="center">序号</td>
<td align="center">用户名</td>
<td align="center">邮箱</td>
<td align="center">操作</td>
</tr>
{% for myuser in UserList%}
<tr>
<td align="right">{{ myuser.id }}</td>
<td align="right">{{ myuser.username }}</td>
<td align="right">{{ myuser.email }}</td>
<td align="right">
<a href="../modify/{{ myuser.id }}">修改</a>
<a href="../delete/{{ myuser.id }}">删除</a>
</td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
</body>
</html>
User_Modify.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>数据库操作简单表的修改</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>这里是User--{{username}}的修改页面</h1>
{% if error %}
<p style="color: red;">请输入班级名称和导师姓名</p>
{% endif %}
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<table border="1" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td align="center">项目</td>
<td align="center">内容</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">用户名：</td>
<td><input type="text" name="username" value="{{username}}"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">邮箱：</td>
<td><input type="text" name="email" value="{{email}}"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">密码：</td>
<td><input type="text" name="password" value="{{password}}"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<input type="hidden" name="id" value="{{id}}">
<input type="submit" value="修改">
<input type="button" value="返回" onClick="location.href='../../list'">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
User_Modify_results.html
<html>
<head>
<title>查询用户结果页</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">修改前</td>
<td align="center">修改后</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">用户名：</td>
<td align="right">{{old_username}}</td>
<td align="right">{{new_username}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">邮箱：</td>
<td align="right">{{old_email}}</td>
<td align="right">{{new_email}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">密码：</td>
<td align="right">{{old_password}}</td>
<td align="right">{{new_password}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" align="center">修改成功！</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="../../list/">点击返回</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
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