JSTL 学习笔记

JSP Standard Tag Library (JSTL) 的规范完成于2002年7月，随后Apache Taglibs Projects在不久的几天中提交了一个参考实现。

JSTL 的出现是为了解决程序员一直渴望有一个标准的标签库的需求，同时也为开发JSP带来了很大的便利。

JSTL 1.0提供了一系列基于JSP 1.2 API的标签库，下表列举了一些标签库的信息：

Description	Prefix	Default URI
Core	c	http://java.sun.com/jstl/core
XML Processing	x	http://java.sun.com/jstl/xml
I18N & Formatting	fmt	http://java.sun.com/jstl/fmt
Database Access	sql	http://java.sun.com/jstl/sql

如果要使用JSTL，那么需要加入如下声明段：

<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>

除了标签库之外，JSTL 1.0还定义了一个所谓的Expression Language (EL)表达式语言。
EL用于访问运行时数据而出现，如果学过JavaScript，你会发现EL在表达上与其很类似。
${myObj.myProperty}$
${myObj["myProperty"]}$
${myObj[varWithTheName]}$
以上的语句用来检索一个对象的内部值，都是等价的。如果是访问一个数组或者列表：
${myList[2]}$
${myList[aVar + 1]}$

EL的支持的操作符：

Operator	Description
.	Access a property
[]	Access an array/list element
()	Group a subexpression
+	Addition
-	Subtraction or negation of a number
/ or div	Division
% or mod	Modulo (remainder)
== or eq	Test for equality
!= or ne	Test for inequality
< or lt	Test for less than
> or gt	Test for greater than
<= or le	Test for less than or equal
>= or gt	Test for greater than or equal
&& or and	Test for logical AND
|| or or	Test for logical OR
! or not	Unary Boolean complement
empty	Test for empty value (null, empty string, or an empty collection)

支持的字面量：

Literal Type	Description
String	Enclosed with single or double quotes. A quote of the same type within the string must be escaped with backslash: (/' in a string enclosed with single quotes; /" in a string enclosed with double quotes). The backslash character must be escaped as // in both cases.
Integer	An optional sign (+ or -) followed by digits between 0 and 9.
Floating Point	The same as an integer literal, except that a dot is used as the separator for the fractional part and an exponent can be specified as e or E, followed by an integer literal.
Boolean	true or false.
Null	null.

支持的内建对象：

Variable	Description
param	A collection of all request parameters as a single string value for each parameter.
paramValues	A collection of all request parameters as a string array value for each parameter.
header	A collection of all request headers as a single string value for each header.
headerValues	A collection of all request headers as a string array value for each header.
cookie	A collection of all request cookies as a single javax.servlet.http.Cookie instance value for each cookie.
initParams	A collection of all application init parameters as a single string value for each parameter.
pageContext	An instance of the javax.servlet.jspPageContext class.
pageScope	A collection of all page scope objects.
requestScope	A collection of all request scope objects.
sessionScope	A collection of all session scope objects.
applicationScope	A collection of all application scope objects.

如果你要访问GET参数：${param.listType}
如果你要访问HTTP头信息： ${header['User-Agent']}

访问Session或者Request内部包含对象：

${sessionScope.customer}
${requestScope.customer}

一些例子：
First name: <c:out value="${customer.firstName}" />
<c:out value="First name: ${customer.firstName}" />
First name: <c_rt:out value="<%= customer.getFirstName() %>" /> 
都是等价的。

控制流程和迭代操作也是JSTL的一个特性，个人认为迭代标签是当Java 1.5没出来之前对于Java语言的最好补充。
迭代操作使用的forEach标签：
<c:forEach items="${forecasts.rows}" var="city">
   City: <c:out value="${city.name}" />
   Tomorrow's high: <c:out value="${city.high}" />
   Tomorrow's low: <c:out value="${city.low}" />
</c:forEach>

Choose标签：

<c:choose>
  <c:when test="${param.first > 0}">
     <a href="foreach.jsp?first=<c:out value="${param.first - noOfRows}"/>">
                Previous Page</a>
  </c:when>
  <c:otherwise>
     Previous Page
  </c:otherwise>
</c:choose>
<c:choose>
  <c:when test="${param.first + noOfRows < forecasts.rowsCount}">
     <a href="foreach.jsp?first=<c:out value="${param.first + noOfRows}"/>">
                Next Page</a>
  </c:when>
  <c:otherwise>
     Next Page
  </c:otherwise>
</c:choose>

URL操作：

<c:url var="previous" value="foreach.jsp">
  <c:param name="first" value="${param.first - noOfRows}" />
</c:url>

特别提及的URL操作：
<c:url value="/images/logo.gif" />
<a href="<c:out value="${previous}"/>">Previous Page</a>

这里的"/images/logo.gif"不是从网站的根目录起始，而是自动调整到所对应的context根目录，非常实用。