Go 语言中方法的默认、可选参数

相信很多Go开发者都遇到过一个问题，就是Go并不支持函数的可选参数或者参数的默认值，比如：

type stuffClient struct {
    conn    Connection
    timeout int
    retries int
}

func NewStuffClient(conn Connection, timeout, retries int) StuffClient {
    return &stuffClient{
        conn:    conn,
        timeout: timeout,
        retries: retries,
    }
}

在调用 NewStuffClient 时必须传递 conn, timeout, retries 这3个参数，但是大多数情况下可能希望使用的是默认值，可惜的是Go并不支持像PHP一样的参数默认值设定以及参数的可选传递。那么在Go中如何优雅的实现这个功能呢？难不成要新建 NewStuffClientWithTimeout、NewStuffClientWithRetries 等不同函数？

Go自然有更好的解决办法，那就是构建options这样的struct，然后通过实现构建好的option函数来延迟对options选项内容进行变更，来达到效果。文字可能有点苍白无力，我们直接来看代码实现

type StuffClientOption func(*StuffClientOptions)
type StuffClientOptions struct {
    Retries int //number of times to retry the request before giving up
    Timeout int //connection timeout in seconds
}
func WithRetries(r int) StuffClientOption {
    return func(o *StuffClientOptions) {
        o.Retries = r
    }
}
func WithTimeout(t int) StuffClientOption {
    return func(o *StuffClientOptions) {
        o.Timeout = t
    }
}

var defaultStuffClientOptions = StuffClientOptions{
    Retries: 3,
    Timeout: 2,
}
func NewStuffClient(conn Connection, opts ...StuffClientOption) StuffClient {
    options := defaultStuffClientOptions
    for _, o := range opts {
        o(&options)
    }
    return &stuffClient{
        conn:    conn,
        timeout: options.Timeout,
        retries: options.Retries,
    }
}

这样，利用Go的可变数量参数传递StuffClientOption这个函数变量参数，来动态修改默认值的方式，就可以达到这个效果

x := NewStuffClient(Connection{})
fmt.Println(x) // prints &{{} 2 3}
x = NewStuffClient(
    Connection{},
    WithRetries(1),
)
fmt.Println(x) // prints &{{} 2 1}
x = NewStuffClient(
    Connection{},
    WithRetries(1),
    WithTimeout(1),
)
fmt.Println(x) // prints &{{} 1 1}