Haec fortis sequitur illam indocti possident: A linguistic analysis of demonstratives in genres【翻译】

Acknowledgments
I am forever indebted to the ceaseless effort of my advisor, Dr. Eric Acton, who accepted
me as an advisee though I had never been his student and had, in fact, not been anyone's student
for more than three years. Without his guidance and judgment, I am confident that I would never
have made it past my initial thesis proposal, and it should be a testament to his skill, patience,
and dedication that this thesis was completed.
I would also like to acknowledge my mother, who hand-delivered this thesis; my brother,
who sent me enough cat pictures to persevere through the thesis-writing process; and my
husband, who tackled copyediting, emotional support, and seltzer buying. Our family may be
small and, thanks to me, geographically spread, but I could not ask for better humans to share
genes and names with.
For continuing to engage my creativity, and allowing me to afford rent and food, I am
grateful for the community at NASA's Langley Research Center, in particular Lisa Le Vie,
Stephanie Harrison, Anna Trujillo, Kevin French, Michael Janov, Spencer Watza, Leonardo
Herrera, and the members of the Autonomy incubator.
Finally, I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge those professors and peers who have
inspired me over the years, in particular Megan Grundtisch, Elyssa Winzeler, Emily Wilson,
Sarah Dreher, Terence Vogel, Matthew McGowan, Edith Foster, and the Paideia Institute. I hope
this thesis stands as a testament to their passion and compassion.
iv
Abstract
This study examines the claim that demonstratives are used more frequently in Latin comedies
than in other genres (Karakasis, 2014; Palmer, 1975), as well as additional hypotheses regarding
the use of demonstratives within this language. To examine these claims, I created a corpus
composed of fragments of Early Latin authors of comedic, tragic, and non-dramatic works. I
examined demonstratives within this corpus for frequency, form, syntactic role, affective force,
co-occurrence with personal pronouns, and use in multimembral demonstrative sets. This study
provides the first quantitative evaluation of demonstrative use for often neglected authors of
Early Latin. It also identifies those theories regarding demonstrative use that have more support
within this time and suggests why these theories might hold true and how they might impact the
overall demonstrative count for comedy, tragedy, non-dramatic works, or Latin as a whole.
Works Cited
Karakasis, E. (2014). The language of the palliata. In Fontaine, M. & Scafuro, A.C. (Eds.), The
Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Comedy (pp. 555-579). Oxford University Press.
Palmer, L. R. (1988). The Latin language. University of Oklahoma Press.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv
Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................................... xii
Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Purpose of this Study............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Outline ................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter Two: Background .............................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Introduction to Demonstratives ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Exophora and deixis ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Endophora, Anaphora, and Cataphora ............................................................................ 8
2.1.3 Discourse deixis ............................................................................................................ 10
2.1.4 Characteristics of demonstratives ................................................................................. 11
2.1.5 Parts of speech .............................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Introduction to Demonstratives in Latin ............................................................................. 14
2.2.1 Personal force ............................................................................................................... 17
2.2.2 Genre ............................................................................................................................ 23
2.2.3 Affective force .............................................................................................................. 23
2.2.4 Forms and syntactic categories ..................................................................................... 26
2.2.5 Multimembral sets ........................................................................................................ 26
2.2.6 Endophora ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.7 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 29
2.3 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................ 30
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Chapter Three: Methodology ........................................................................................................ 32
3.1 Corpus Composition ............................................................................................................ 32
3.1.1 Excluded authors .......................................................................................................... 37
3.1.2 Livius Andronicus.. ...................................................................................................... 38
3.1.3 Gnaeus Naevius ............................................................................................................ 40
3.1.4 Caecilius Statius ........................................................................................................... 40
3.1.5 Marcus Pacuvius ........................................................................................................... 42
3.1.6 Quintus Ennius ............................................................................................................. 43
3.1.7 Lucius Accius. .............................................................................................................. 46
3.1.8 Summary. ...................................................................................................................... 47
3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 48
3.3 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................ 51
Chapter Four: Analysis ................................................................................................................. 53
4.1 Genre ................................................................................................................................... 53
4.1.1 Caecilius. ...................................................................................................................... 55
4.1.2 Naevius ......................................................................................................................... 56
4.1.3 Ennius ........................................................................................................................... 57
4.1.4 Accius ........................................................................................................................... 58
4.1.5 Pacuvius ........................................................................................................................ 59
4.1.6 Livius Andronicus ........................................................................................................ 60
4.1.7 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 61
4.2 Demonstrative Forms and Syntactic Roles ......................................................................... 61
4.2.1 Caecilius ....................................................................................................................... 68
vii
4.2.2 Naevius ......................................................................................................................... 69
4.2.3 Ennius ........................................................................................................................... 71
4.2.4 Accius ........................................................................................................................... 73
4.2.5 Pacuvius ........................................................................................................................ 74
4.2.6 Livius Andronicus ........................................................................................................ 75
4.2.7 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 75
4.3 Personal Pronouns ............................................................................................................... 76
4.3.1 Ennius. .......................................................................................................................... 82
4.3.2 Naevius ......................................................................................................................... 83
4.3.3 Pacuvius ........................................................................................................................ 84
4.3.4 Accius ........................................................................................................................... 85
4.3.5 Caecilius ....................................................................................................................... 86
4.3.6 Livius Andronicus ........................................................................................................ 87
4.3.7 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 87
4.4 Affective Force .................................................................................................................... 88
4.4.1 Naevius ......................................................................................................................... 89
4.4.2 Livius Andronicus ........................................................................................................ 92
4.4.3 Ennius ........................................................................................................................... 93
4.4.4 Accius ........................................................................................................................... 94
4.4.5 Caecilius ....................................................................................................................... 96
4.4.6 Pacuvius ........................................................................................................................ 99
4.4.7 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 100
4.5 Multimembral Sets ............................................................................................................ 101
4.5.1 Naevius ....................................................................................................................... 104
4.5.2 Ennius ......................................................................................................................... 104
4.5.3 Pacuvius ...................................................................................................................... 107
4.5.4 Accius ......................................................................................................................... 108
4.5.5 Caecilius ..................................................................................................................... 109
4.5.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 109
4.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 110
Chapter Five: General Discussion .............................................................................................. 113
5.1 Genre ................................................................................................................................. 113
5.1.1 Shared deictic space .................................................................................................... 114
5.1.2 Colloquial language .................................................................................................... 116
5.2 Demonstrative Forms ........................................................................................................ 118
5.3 Personal Pronouns ............................................................................................................. 121
5.4 Affectivity .......................................................................................................................... 123
5.4.1 Why are so many demonstratives neutral in force? .................................................... 124
5.4.2 Should iste still be taught as inherently pejorative? ................................................... 126
5.4.3 Why is iste still interpreted pejoratively? ................................................................... 127
5.4.4 Why are hic and iste used more frequently for derogation?. ...................................... 128
5.5 Multimembral Sets ............................................................................................................ 130
5.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 131
Chapter Six: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 134
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 138
Appendix A: Ancillary Demonstrative Distributions ................................................................. 145
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List of Tables
Table 1. Forms of the Latin demonstrative hic. ............................................................................ 15
Table 2. Forms of the Latin demonstrative ille. ............................................................................ 15
Table 3. Forms of the Latin demonstrative iste. ........................................................................... 16
Table 4. All forms of the Latin demonstrative. ............................................................................. 17
Table 5. List of Hypotheses on Demonstrative Use in Latin. ....................................................... 31
Table 6. Composition of the Corpus by Author and Genre. ......................................................... 47
Table 7. Hypotheses Listed by Subject Matter. ............................................................................ 48
Table 8. Demonstrative Use by Genre. ......................................................................................... 54
Table 9. Demonstrative Use in Fragments of Caecilius. .............................................................. 55
Table 10: Demonstrative Use in Fragments of Naevius. .............................................................. 56
Table 11. Demonstrative Use in Fragments of Ennius. ................................................................ 57
Table 12. Demonstrative Use in Fragments of Accius. ................................................................ 59
Table 13. Demonstrative Use in Fragments of Pacuvius. ............................................................. 59
Table 14. Demonstrative Use in Fragments of Livius Andronicus. ............................................. 60
Table 15. Different Forms of Demonstratives in Genres of Early Latin. ..................................... 63
Table 16. Demonstrative Syntactic Categories in Genres of Early Latin. .................................... 64
Table 17. Demonstrative Use by Form and Category in the Entire Corpus. ................................ 65
Table 18. Demonstrative Use by Form and Category in Comedic Fragments. ............................ 65
Table 19. Demonstrative Use by Form and Category in Tragic Fragments. ................................ 66
Table 20. Demonstrative Use by Form and Category in Non-Dramatic Fragments. ................... 67
Table 21. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Fragments of Caecilius. ........................ 69
Table 22. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in All Fragments of Naevius. ................... 69
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Table 23. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in All Fragments of Ennius. ..................... 71
Table 24. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Fragments of Accius............................. 73
Table 25. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Fragments of Pacuvius. ........................ 75
Table 26. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence, Including Those Without Co-
Occurrence. ................................................................................................................... 77
Table 27. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in the Entire Corpus. ............... 78
Table 28. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Non-Dramatic Fragments. .. 80
Table 29. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Tragic Fragments. ............... 80
Table 30. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Comic Fragments. ............... 81
Table 31. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Fragments of Ennius. .......... 83
Table 32. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Fragments of Naevius. ........ 84
Table 33. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Fragments of Pacuvius. ....... 85
Table 34. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Fragments of Accius. .......... 86
Table 35. Demonstrative and Personal Pronoun Co-Occurrence in Fragments of Caecilius. ...... 86
Table 36. Affective Force of Demonstratives in the Entire Corpus. ............................................ 88
Table 37: Affective Force in Forms of the Demonstrative for the Entire Corpus. ....................... 89
Table 38. Demonstrative Distribution in Multimembral Sets in Comic Fragments. .................. 101
Table 39. Demonstrative Distribution in Multimembral Sets in Tragic Fragments. .................. 102
Table 40. Support for Hypotheses on Demonstrative Use. ......................................................... 112
Table 41. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Comedic Fragments of Naevius. ......... 145
Table 42. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Tragic Fragments of Naevius. ............. 145
Table 43. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Tragic Fragments of Ennius. ............... 146
Table 44. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Non-Dramatic Fragments of Ennius. .. 146
Table 45. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Tragic Fragments of Accius. ............... 147
Table 46. Demonstrative Use by Type and Category in Non-Dramatic Fragments of Accius. .. 147
Table 47. Affective Force of Demonstratives in Genres of Fragments of Naevius. ................... 147
Table 48. Affective Force of Demonstrative Forms in Fragments of Naevius. .......................... 148
Table 49. Affective Force of Demonstratives in Genres of Fragments of Ennius. ..................... 148
Table 50. Affective Force of Demonstratives Forms in Fragments of Ennius............................ 148
Table 51. Affective Force of Demonstratives in Genres of Fragments of Accius....................... 149
Table 52. Affective Force of Demonstratives Forms in Fragments of Accius. ........................... 149
Table 53. Affective Force of Demonstratives Forms in Fragments of Caecilius. ....................... 149
Table 54. Affective Force of Demonstratives Forms in Fragments of Pacuvius. ....................... 150

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