下面所有用法都是1.8.6里的,同时欢迎补充1.9和rails里面的tricks...
一.神奇的*
1.String#*
"Hello!" * 2
#=> "Hello!Hello!"
2.Array#*
%w{one two three} * 2
#=> ["one", "two", "three", "one", "two", "three"]
3.Shortcut for Array#join
%w{one two three} * ", "
#=> "one, two, three"
%w{this is a test} * ", " # => "this, is, a, test"
h = { :name => "Fred", :age => 77 }
h.map { |i| i * "=" } * "&" # => "age=77&name=Fred"
4.explore to enumerator
a = %w{a b}
b = %w{c d}
[a + b] # => [["a", "b", "c", "d"]]
[*a + b] # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a = { :name => "Fred", :age => 93 }
[a] # => [{:name => "Fred", :age =>93}]
[*a] # => [[:name, "Fred"], [:age, 93]]
a = %w{a b c d e f g h}
b = [0, 5, 6]
a.values_at(*b).inspect # => ["a", "f", "g"]
fruit = ["apple","red","banana","yellow"]
#=> ["apple", "red", "banana", "yellow"]
Hash[*fruit]
#=> {"apple"=>"red", "banana"=>"yellow"}
5.*arg作为参数
def my_method(*args)
a, b, c, d = args
end
6.Object#*
match, text, number = *"Something 981".match(/([A-z]*) ([0-9]*)/)
a, b, c = *('A'..'Z')
Job = Struct.new(:name, :occupation)
tom = Job.new("Tom", "Developer")
name, occupation = *tom
二.默认返回值.
Array#[]在index超出array范围时会默认返回nil(如果不想要默认值或是要扩展默认值可以用Array#fetch):
irb(main):074:0> a = [1 ,2, 3]
=> [1, 2, 3]
irb(main):075:0> a[5]
=> nil
irb(main):076:0> a.fetch(8)
IndexError: index 8 out of array
from (irb):76:in `fetch'
from (irb):76
from :0
irb(main):077:0> a.fetch(8,nil)
=> nil
irb(main):078:0> a.fetch(8,"index out of array!")
=> "index out of array!"
Hash也是在key不存在的时候返回默认值nil,也可以自己设置默认值或default_proc
irb(main):008:0> hash = Hash.new{|hash,key| hash[key] = key.upcase if key.kind_o
f? String}
=> {}
irb(main):009:0> hash[1]
=> nil
irb(main):010:0> hash["key"]
=> "KEY"
Regex也可以有默认返回值:
email = "Fred Bloggs <fred@bloggs.com>"
email.match(/<(.*?)>/)[1] # => "fred@bloggs.com"
email[/<(.*?)>/, 1] # => "fred@bloggs.com"
email.match(/(x)/)[1] # => NoMethodError
email[/(x)/, 1] # => nil
当然最强大的还是method_missing了....
三.习以为常的single line method
在ruby里一行代码完成一个方法是很常见的....这主要归功于enumerable模块里面定义的神奇方法,还有if,unless等
queue = []
%w{hello x world}.each do |word|
queue << word and puts "Added to queue" unless word.length < 2
end
puts queue.inspect
# Output:
# Added to queue
# Added to queue
# ["hello", "world"]
三元操作符:
def is_odd(x)
x % 2 == 0 ? false : true
end
all?, any?, collect, detect, each_cons, each_slice,
each_with_index, entries, enum_cons, enum_slice, enum_with_index,
find, find_all, grep, include?, inject, inject, map, max, member?,
min, partition, reject, select, sort, sort_by, to_a, to_set, zip
p queue = %w{hello x world}.select { |word| word.length >= 2 }
四.其他
1.Format decimal amounts quickly
money = 9.5
"%.2f" % money # => "9.50"
2.Surround text quickly
"[%s]" % "same old drag" # => "[same old drag]"
3.Delete trees of files
require 'fileutils'
FileUtils.rm_r 'somedir'
4.Cut down on local variable definitions
(z ||= []) << 'test'
5.Using non-strings or symbols as hash keys
does = is = { true => 'Yes', false => 'No' }
does[10 == 50] # => "No"
is[10 > 5] # => "Yes"
6.Do something only if the code is being implicitly run, not required
if __FILE__ == $0
# Do something.. run tests, call a method, etc. We're direct.
end
7.Use ranges instead of complex comparisons for numbers
#让 if x > 1000 && x < 2000 歇菜吧
year = 1972
puts case year
when 1970..1979: "70后"
when 1980..1989: "80后"
when 1990..1999: "90后"
end
8.See the whole of an exception's backtrace
def do_division_by_zero; 5 / 0; end
begin
do_division_by_zero
rescue => exception
puts exception.backtrace
end
9.Rescue blocks don't need to be tied to a 'begin'
def x
begin
# ...
rescue
# ...
end
end
def x
# ...
rescue
# ...
end
10.Rescue to the rescue
h = { :age => 10 }
h[:name].downcase # ERROR
h[:name].downcase rescue "No name" # => "No name"
11.convert a Fixnum into any base up to 36
>> 1234567890.to_s(2)
=> "1001001100101100000001011010010"
>> 1234567890.to_s(8)
=> "11145401322"
>> 1234567890.to_s(16)
=> "499602d2"
>> 1234567890.to_s(24)
=> "6b1230i"
>> 1234567890.to_s(36)
=> "kf12oi"
12.module_function
#让module更class
module M
def not!
'not!'
end
module_function :not!
end
class C
include M
def fun
not!
end
end
M.not! # => 'not!
C.new.fun # => 'not!'
C.new.not! # => NoMethodError: private method `not!' called for #<C:0x1261a00>
module M
module_function
def not!
'not!'
end
def yea!
'yea!'
end
end
class C
include M
def fun
not! + ' ' + yea!
end
end
M.not! # => 'not!'
M.yea! # => 'yea!'
C.new.fun # => 'not! yea!'
13.use here document and any character you want to delimit strings
message = "My message"
contrived_example = "<div id=\"contrived\">#{message}</div>"
contrived_example = %{<div id="contrived-example">#{message}</div>}
contrived_example = %[<div id="contrived-example">#{message}</div>]
sql = %{
SELECT strings
FROM complicated_table
WHERE complicated_condition = '1'
}
sql = <<-SQL
SELECT strings
FROM complicated_table
WHERE complicated_condition = '1'
SQL
14.define_method
((0..9).each do |n|
define_method "press_#{n}" do
@number = @number.to_i * 10 + n
end
end
15.create Class at run time..
class Array
#define Array#rand
def rand
self.fetch Kernel.rand(self.size)
end
end
class RandomSubclass < [Array, Hash, String, Fixnum, Float, TrueClass].rand
end
RandomSubclass.superclass # could output one of 6 different classes.
16.call private methods of class with send.
class A
private
def my_private_method
puts 'private method called'
end
end
a = A.new
a.my_private_method # Raises exception saying private method was called
a.send :my_private_method # Calls my_private_method and prints private method called'
16.__END__
p DATA #=>#<File:tt.rb>
p DATA.read #=> "line1\nline2\nline3"
__END__
line1
line2
line3
17.FX和NS两位大神提供...目前不知道是做什么的.......
gets gets