转自:http://memorymyann.javaeye.com/blog/235638 memorymyann 的博文
fork,vfork,clone都是linux的系统调用,用来创建子进程的(确切说vfork创造出来的是线程)。
先介绍下进程必须的4要点:
a.要有一段程序供该进程运行,就像一场戏剧要有一个剧本一样。该程序是可以被多个进程共享的,多场戏剧用一个剧本一样。
b.有起码的私有财产,就是进程专用的系统堆栈空间。
c.有“户口”,既操作系统所说的进程控制块,在linux中具体实现是task_struct
d.有独立的存储空间。
当一个进程缺少d条件时候,我们称其为线程。
1.fork 创造的子进程复制了父亲进程的资源,包括内存的内容task_struct内容(2个进程的pid不同)。这里是资源的复制不是指针的复制。下面的例子可以看出
[root@liumengli program]# cat testFork.c
#include"stdio.h"
int main() {
int count = 1;
int child;
if(!(child = fork())) { //开始创建子进程
printf("This is son, his count is: %d. and his pid is: %d/n", ++count, getpid());//子进程的内容
} else {
printf("This is father, his count is: %d, his pid is: %d/n", count, getpid());
}
}
[root@liumengli program]# gcc testFork.c -o testFork
[root@liumengli program]# ./testFork
This is son, his count is: 2. and his pid is: 3019
This is father, his count is: 1, his pid is: 3018
[root@liumengli program]#
从代码里面可以看出2者的pid不同,内存资源count是值得复制,子进程改变了count的值,而父进程中的count没有被改变。有人认为这样大批量的复制会导致执行效率过低。其实在复制过程中,子进程复制了父进程的task_struct,系统堆栈空间和页面表,这意味着上面的程序,我们没有执行count++前,其实子进程和父进程的count指向的是同一块内存。而当子进程改变了父进程的变量时候,会通过copy_on_write的手段为所涉及的页面建立一个新的副本。所以当我们执行++count后,这时候子进程才新建了一个页面复制原来页面的内容,基本资源的复制是必须的,而且是高效的。整体看上去就像是父进程的独立存储空间也复制了一遍。
其次,我们看到子进程和父进程直接没有互相干扰,明显2者资源都独立了。我们看下面程序
[root@liumengli program]# cat testFork.c
#include"stdio.h"
int main() {
int count = 1;
int child;
if(!(child = fork())) {
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
printf("This is son, his count is: %d. and his pid is: %d/n", i, getpid());
}
} else {
printf("This is father, his count is: %d, his pid is: %d/n", count, getpid());
}
}
[root@liumengli program]# gcc testFork.c -o testFork
[root@liumengli program]# ./testFork
...
This is son, his count is: 46. and his pid is: 4092
This is son, his count is: 47. and his pid is: 4092
This is son, his count is: 48. and his pid is: 4092
This is son, his count is: 49. and his pid is: 4092
This is son, his count is: 50. and his pid is: 4092
This is father, his count is: 1, his pid is: 4091
[root@liumengli program]# This is son, his count is: 51. and his pid is: 4092
This is son, his count is: 52. and his pid is: 4092
...
(运气很衰,非要200多个才有效果,郁闷)从结果可以看出父子2个进程是同步运行的。这和下面的vfork有区别。
2.vfork创建出来的不是真正意义上的进程,而是一个线程,因为它缺少了我们上面提到的进程的四要素的第4项,独立的内存资源,看下面的程序
[root@liumengli program]# cat testVfork.c
#include "stdio.h"
int main() {
int count = 1;
int child;
printf("Before create son, the father's count is:%d/n", count);
if(!(child = vfork())) {
printf("This is son, his pid is: %d and the count is: %d/n", getpid(), ++count);
exit(1);
} else {
printf("After son, This is father, his pid is: %d and the count is: %d, and the child is: %d/n", getpid(), count, child);
}
}
[root@liumengli program]# gcc testVfork.c -o testVfork
[root@liumengli program]# ./testVfork
Before create son, the father's count is:1
This is son, his pid is: 4185 and the count is: 2
After son, This is father, his pid is: 4184 and the count is: 2, and the child is: 4185
[root@liumengli program]#
从运行结果可以看到vfork创建出的子进程(线程)共享了父进程的count变量,这一次是指针复制,2者的指针指向了同一个内存,所以子进程修改了count变量,父进程的 count变量同样受到了影响。另外由vfork创造出来的子进程还会导致父进程挂起,除非子进程exit或者execve才会唤起父进程,看下面程序:
[root@liumengli program]# cat testVfork.c
#include "stdio.h"
int main() {
int count = 1;
int child;
printf("Before create son, the father's count is:%d/n", count);
if(!(child = vfork())) {
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
printf("This is son, The i is: %d/n", i);
if(i == 70)
exit(1);
}
printf("This is son, his pid is: %d and the count is: %d/n", getpid(), ++count);
exit(1);
} else {
printf("After son, This is father, his pid is: %d and the count is: %d, and the child is: %d/n", getpid(), count, child);
}
}
[root@liumengli program]# gcc testVfork.c -o testVfork
[root@liumengli program]# ./testVfork
...
This is son, The i is: 68
This is son, The i is: 69
This is son, The i is: 70
After son, This is father, his pid is: 4433 and the count is: 1, and the child is: 4434
[root@liumengli program]#
从这里就可以看到父进程总是等子进程执行完毕后才开始继续执行。
3.clone函数功能强大,带了众多参数,因此由他创建的进程要比前面2种方法要复杂。clone可以让你有选择性的继承父进程的资源,你可以选择想vfork一样和父进程共享一个虚存空间,从而使创造的是线程,你也可以不和父进程共享,你甚至可以选择创造出来的进程和父进程不再是父子关系,而是兄弟关系。先有必要说下这个函数的结构
int clone(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack, int flags, void *arg);
这里fn是函数指针,我们知道进程的4要素,这个就是指向程序的指针,就是所谓的“剧本", child_stack明显是为子进程分配系统堆栈空间(在linux下系统堆栈空间是2页面,就是8K的内存,其中在这块内存中,低地址上放入了值,这个值就是进程控制块task_struct的值),flags就是标志用来描述你需要从父进程继承那些资源, arg就是传给子进程的参数)。下面是flags可以取的值
标志 含义
CLONE_PARENT 创建的子进程的父进程是调用者的父进程,新进程与创建它的进程成了“兄弟”而不是“父子”
CLONE_FS 子进程与父进程共享相同的文件系统,包括root、当前目录、umask
CLONE_FILES 子进程与父进程共享相同的文件描述符(file descriptor)表
CLONE_NEWNS 在新的namespace启动子进程,namespace描述了进程的文件hierarchy
CLONE_SIGHAND 子进程与父进程共享相同的信号处理(signal handler)表
CLONE_PTRACE 若父进程被trace,子进程也被trace
CLONE_VFORK 父进程被挂起,直至子进程释放虚拟内存资源
CLONE_VM 子进程与父进程运行于相同的内存空间
CLONE_PID 子进程在创建时PID与父进程一致
CLONE_THREAD Linux 2.4中增加以支持POSIX线程标准,子进程与父进程共享相同的线程群
下面的例子是创建一个线程(子进程共享了父进程虚存空间,没有自己独立的虚存空间不能称其为进程)。父进程被挂起当子线程释放虚存资源后再继续执行。
[root@liumengli program]# cat test_clone.c
#include "stdio.h"
#include "sched.h"
#include "signal.h"
#define FIBER_STACK 8192
int a;
void * stack;
int do_something(){
printf("This is son, the pid is:%d, the a is: %d/n", getpid(), ++a);
free(stack); //这里我也不清楚,如果这里不释放,不知道子线程死亡后,该内存是否会释放,知情者可以告诉下,谢谢
exit(1);
}
int main() {
void * stack;
a = 1;
stack = malloc(FIBER_STACK);//为子进程申请系统堆栈
if(!stack) {
printf("The stack failed/n");
exit(0);
}
printf("creating son thread!!!/n");
clone(&do_something, (char *)stack + FIBER_STACK, CLONE_VM|CLONE_VFORK, 0);//创建子线程
printf("This is father, my pid is: %d, the a is: %d/n", getpid(), a);
exit(1);
}
[root@liumengli program]# gcc test_clone.c -o test_clone
[root@liumengli program]# ./test_clone
creating son thread!!!
This is son, the pid is:7326, the a is: 2
This is father, my pid is: 7325, the a is: 2
[root@liumengli program]#
读者可以试试其它的资源继承方式。