虚函数指针和虚函数表

虚函数指针和虚函数表

虚函数表的定义

多态是由虚函数实现的，而虚函数主要是通过虚函数表(V-Table)来实现的。

如果一个类中包含虚函数(virtual修饰的函数)，那么这个类就会包含一张虚函数表(vftbl)，虚函数表存储的每一项是一个虚函数的地址。在一个对象的内存布局中，指向这张虚函数表的指针(vfptr)位于最前端。如下图：

一般继承(无虚函数覆盖)

对于如下UML的类：在普通继承情况，派生类没有重写基类的虚函数：

体现在代码上为：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Derive : public Base
{
public:
    virtual void f1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:f1()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:g1()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:h1()" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Base base;
    Derive derive;

}

使用lldb查看虚函数指针和虚函数表内容：

根据结果，可以得知其虚函数表如下图：

一般继承(有虚函数覆盖)

对于如下UML的类：在普通继承情况，派生类重写了基类的虚函数( f() )：

代码为：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Derive : public Base
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Derive:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:g1()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:h1()" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Base base;
    Derive derive;

}

结果为：

绘制成图，为：

多重继承(无虚函数覆盖)

对于如下UML的类：在多重继承情况，派生类没有重写了基类的虚函数：

代码为：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base1
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base1:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base1:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base1:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Base2
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base2:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base2:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base2:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Base3
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base3:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base3:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base3:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3
{
public:
    virtual void f1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:f1()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:g1()" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Derive derive;

}

结果为：

绘制成图，为：

多重继承(有虚函数覆盖)

对于如下UML的类：在多重继承情况，派生类没有重写了基类的虚函数：

代码为：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base1
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base1:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base1:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base1:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Base2
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base2:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base2:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base2:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Base3
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Base3:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g()
    {
        cout << "Base3:g()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void h()
    {
        cout << "Base3:h()" << endl;
    }
};

class Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3
{
public:
    virtual void f()
    {
        cout << "Derive:f()" << endl;
    }
    virtual void g1()
    {
        cout << "Derive:g1()" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Derive derive;

}

结果为：

绘制成图，为：