Choosing between Critical Sections and Mutex

General points to consider:

1. The performance cost of using the mechanism.
2. The complexity introduced by using the mechanism.

In any given situation 1 or 2 may be more important.

E.g.

If you using multi-threading to write a high performance algorithm by making use of many cores and need to guard some data for safe access then 1 is probably very important.

If you have an application where a background thread is used to poll for some information on a timer and on the rare occasion it notices an update you need to guard some data for access then 2 is probably more important than 1.

1 will be down to the underlying implementation and probably scales with the scope of the protection e.g. a lock that is internal to a process is normally faster than a lock across all processes on a machine.

2 is easy to misjudge. First attempts to use locks to write thread safe code will normally miss some cases that lead to a deadlock. A simple deadlock would occur for example if thread A was waiting on a lock held by thread B but thread B was waiting on a lock held by thread A. Surprisingly easy to implement by accident.

On any given platform the naming and qualities of locking mechanisms may vary.

On windows critical sections are fast and process specific, mutexes are slower but cross process. Semaphores offer more complicated use cases. Some problems e.g. allocation from a pool may be solved very efficently using atomic functions rather than locks e.g. on windows InterlockedIncrement which is very fast indeed.

In Windows parlance, a critical section is a hybrid between a spin lock and a non-busy wait. It spins for a short time, then--if it hasn't yet grabbed the resource--it sets up an event and waits on it. If contention for the resource is low, the spin lock behavior is usually enough.

Critical Sections are a good choice for a multithreaded program that doesn't need to worry about sharing resources with other processes.

A mutex is a good general-purpose lock. A named mutex can be used to control access among multiple processes. But it's usually a little more expensive to take a mutex than a critical section.