【Frameworks】OS X Frameworks--框架总述

The OS X frameworks provide the interfaces you need to write software for Mac. Some of these frameworks contain simple sets of interfaces while others contain multiple subframeworks. Where applicable, the tables in this appendix list the key prefixes used by the classes, methods, functions, types, or constants of the framework. You should avoid using any of the specified prefixes in your own symbol names.

System Frameworks

Table A-1 describes the frameworks located in the /System/Library/Frameworks directory and lists the first version of OS X in which each became available.

Table A-1  System frameworks

Name	First available	Prefixes	Description
Accelerate.framework	10.3	cblas, vDSP,vv	Umbrella framework for vector-optimized operations. See “Accelerate Framework.”
Accounts.framework	10.8	AC	Provides access to user accounts stored in the Accounts database.
AddressBook.framework	10.2	AB, ABV	Provides access to the Address Book, which is a centralized database of user contact information.
AGL.framework	10.0	AGL, GL, glm,GLM, glu, GLU	Contains Carbon interfaces for OpenGL.
AppKit.framework	10.0	NS	Contains classes and methods for the Cocoa user-interface layer. In general, link toCocoa.framework instead of this framework.
AppKitScripting.framework	10.0	N/A	Deprecated. Use AppKit.framework instead.
AppleScriptKit.framework	10.0	ASK	Contains interfaces for creating AppleScript plug-ins.
AppleScriptObjC.framework	10.6	NS	Contains Objective-C extensions for creating AppleScript plug-ins.
AppleShareClientCore.framework	10.0	AFP	Contains utilities for handling URLs in AppleShare clients.
ApplicationServices.framework	10.0	AE, AX, ATSU,CG, CT, LS, PM,QD, UT	Umbrella framework for several app-level services. See “Application Services Framework.”
AudioToolbox.framework	10.0	AU, AUMIDI	Contains interfaces for getting audio stream data, routing audio signals through audio units, converting between audio formats, and playing back music.
AudioUnit.framework	10.0	AU	Contains interfaces for defining Core Audio plug-ins.
AudioVideoBridging.framework	10.8	AVB	Supports Audio Video Bridging (AVB) and implements the IEEE P1722.1 draft standard.
Automator.framework	10.4	AM	Umbrella framework for creating Automator plug-ins. See “Automator Framework.”
AVFoundation.framework	10.7	AV	Provides interfaces for playing, recording, inspecting, and editing audiovisual media.
CalendarStore.framework	10.5	Cal	Deprecated. Use Event Kit instead. See “Event Kit.”
Carbon.framework	10.0	HI, HR, ICA,ICD, Ink, Nav,OSA, PM, SFS,SR	Umbrella framework for Carbon-level services. See “Carbon Framework.”
CFNetwork.framework	10.3	CF	Contains interfaces for network communication using HTTP, sockets, and Bonjour.
Cocoa.framework	10.0	NS	Wrapper for including the Cocoa frameworks AppKit.framework,Foundation.framework, and CoreData.framework.
Collaboration.framework	10.5	CB	Contains interfaces for managing identity information.
CoreAudio.framework	10.0	Audio	Contains the hardware abstraction layer interface for manipulating audio.
CoreAudioKit.framework	10.4	AU	Contains Objective-C interfaces for audio unit custom views.
CoreData.framework	10.4	NS	Contains interfaces for managing your app’s data model.
CoreFoundation.framework	10.0	CF	Provides fundamental software services, including abstractions for common data types, string utilities, collection utilities, plug-in support, resource management, preferences, and XML parsing.
CoreGraphics.framework	10.0	CG	Contains the Quartz interfaces for creating graphic content and rendering that content to the screen.
CoreLocation.framework	10.6	CL	Provides interfaces for determining the geographical location of a computer.
CoreMedia.framework	10.7	CM	Contains low-level interfaces for for managing and and playing audio-visual media in an app.
CoreMediaIO.framework	10.7	CMIO	Contains interfaces of the Device Abstraction Layer (DAL) used for creating plug-ins that can access media hardware.
CoreMIDI.framework	10.0	MIDI	Contains utilities for implementing MIDI client programs.
CoreMIDIServer.framework	10.0	MIDI	Contains interfaces for creating MIDI drivers to be used by the system.
CoreServices.framework	10.0	CF, DCS, MD, SK,WS	Umbrella framework for system-level services. See “Core Services Framework.”
CoreText.framework	10.5	CT	Contains the interfaces for performing text layout and display.
CoreVideo.framework	10.5	CV	Contains interfaces for managing video-based content.
CoreWLAN.framework	10.6	CW	Contains interfaces for managing wireless networks.
DirectoryService.framework	10.0	ds	Contains interfaces for supporting network-based lookup and directory services in your app. You can also use this framework to develop directory service plug-ins.
DiscRecording.framework	10.2	DR	Contains interfaces for burning data to CDs and DVDs.
DiscRecordingUI.framework	10.2	DR	Contains the user interface layer for interacting with users during the burning of CDs and DVDs.
DiskArbitration.framework	10.4	DA	Contains interfaces for getting information related to local and remote volumes.
DrawSprocket.framework	10.0	DSp	Contains the game sprocket component for drawing content to the screen.
DVComponentGlue.framework	10.0	IDH	Contains interfaces for communicating with digital video devices, such as video cameras.
DVDPlayback.framework	10.3	DVD	Contains interfaces for embedding DVD playback features into your app.
EventKit.framework	10.8	EK	Provides an interface for accessing a user’s calendar events and reminder items.
ExceptionHandling.framework	10.0	NS	Contains exception-handling classes for Cocoa apps.
ForceFeedback.framework	10.2	FF	Contains interfaces for communicating with force feedback–enabled devices.
Foundation.framework	10.0	NS	Contains the classes and methods for the Cocoa Foundation layer. If you are creating a Cocoa app, linking to the Cocoa framework is preferable.
FWAUserLib.framework	10.2	FWA	Contains interfaces for communicating with FireWire-based audio devices.
GameKit.framework	10.8	GK	Provides APIs that allow your app to participate in Game Center.
GLKit.framework	10.8	GLK	Provides functions and classes that reduce the effort required to create new shader-based apps or to port existing apps that rely on fixed-function vertex or fragment processing provided by earlier versions of OpenGL ES or OpenGL.
GLUT.framework	10.0	glut, GLUT	Contains interfaces for the OpenGL Utility Toolkit, which provides a platform-independent interface for managing windows.
GSS.framework	10.7	gss	Contains interfaces for Generic Security Services Application Program Interface (GSSAPI).
ICADevices.framework	10.3	ICD	Contains low-level interfaces for communicating with digital devices such as scanners and cameras. See “Carbon Framework.”
ImageCaptureCore.framework	10.6	IC	Contains Objective-C interfaces for communicating with digital devices such as scanners and cameras.
IMCore.framework	10.6	IM	Do not use.
IMServicePlugIn.framework	10.7	IM	Contains interfaces for building third-party plug-ins for Chat services. Umbrella framework for IMServicePlugInSupport.framework.
InputMethodKit.framework	10.5	IMK	Contains interfaces for developing new input methods, which are modules that handle text entry for complex languages.
InstallerPlugins.framework	10.4	IFX	Contains interfaces for creating plug-ins that run during software installation sessions.
InstantMessage.framework	10.4	FZ, IM	Contains interfaces for obtaining the online status of an instant messaging user.
IOBluetooth.framework	10.2	IO	Contains interfaces for communicating with Bluetooth devices.
IOBluetoothUI.framework	10.2	IO	Contains the user interface layer for interacting with users manipulating Bluetooth devices.
IOKit.framework	10.0	IO, IOBSD,IOCF	Contains the main interfaces for creating user-space device drivers and for interacting with kernel-resident drivers from user space.
IOSurface.framework	10.6	IO	Contains low-level interfaces for sharing graphics surfaces between apps.
JavaFrameEmbedding.framework	10.5	N/A	Contains interfaces for embedding Java frames in Objective-C code.
JavaScriptCore.framework	10.5	JS	Contains the library and resources for executing JavaScript code within an HTML page. (Prior to OS X v10.5, this framework was part of WebKit.framework.
JavaVM.framework	10.0	JAWT, JDWP,JMM, JNI,JVMDI, JVMPI,JVMTI	Contains the system’s Java Development Kit resources.
Kerberos.framework	10.0	GSS, KL, KRB,KRB5	Contains interfaces for using the Kerberos network authentication protocol.
Kernel.framework	10.0	numerous	Contains the interfaces for kernel-extension development, including Mach, BSD, libkern, I/O Kit, and the various families built on top of I/O Kit.
LatentSemanticMapping.framework	10.5	LSM	Contains interfaces for classifying text based on latent semantic information.
LDAP.framework	10.0	N/A	Do not use.
Message.framework	10.0	AS, MF, PO, POP,RSS, TOC, UR,URL	Contains Cocoa extensions for mail delivery.
NetFS.framework	10.6	NetFS	Contains interfaces for working with network file systems.
OpenAL.framework	10.4	AL	Contains the interfaces for OpenAL, a cross-platform 3D audio delivery library.
OpenCL.framework	10.6	CL, cl	Contains the interfaces for distributing general-purpose computational tasks across the available GPUs and CPUs of a computer.
OpenDirectory.framework	10.6	OD	Contains Objective-C interfaces for managing Open Directory information.
OpenGL.framework	10.0	CGL, GL, glu,GLU	Contains the interfaces for OpenGL, which is a cross-platform 2D and 3D graphics rendering library.
OSAKit.framework	10.4	OSA	Contains Objective-C interfaces for managing and executing OSA-compliant scripts from Cocoa apps.
PCSC.framework	10.0	MSC, Scard,SCARD	Contains interfaces for interacting with smart card devices.
PreferencePanes.framework	10.0	NS	Contains interfaces for implementing custom modules for the System Preferences app.
PubSub.framework	10.5	PS	Contains interfaces for subscribing to RSS and Atom feeds.
Python.framework	10.3	Py	Contains the open source Python scripting language interfaces.
QTKit.framework	10.4	QT	Contains Objective-C interfaces for manipulating QuickTime content.
Quartz.framework	10.4	GF, PDF, QC,QCP	Umbrella framework for Quartz services. See “Quartz Framework.”
QuartzCore.framework	10.4	CA,CI, CV	Contains the interfaces for Core Image, Core Animation, and Core Video.
QuickLook.framework	10.5	QL	Contains interfaces for generating thumbnail previews of documents.
QuickTime.framework	10.0	N/A	Contains interfaces for embedding QuickTime multimedia into an app.
Ruby.framework	10.5	N/A	Contains interfaces for the Ruby scripting language.
RubyCocoa.framework	10.5	RB	Contains interfaces for running Ruby scripts from Objective-C code.
SceneKit.framework	10.8	SCN	Provides a high-level, Objective-C API to efficiently load, manipulate, and render 3D scenes in an app.
ScreenSaver.framework	10.0	N/A	Contains interfaces for writing screen savers.
Scripting.framework	10.0	NS	Deprecated. Use Foundation.framework instead.
ScriptingBridge.framework	10.5	SB	Contains interfaces for running scripts from Objective-C code.
Security.framework	10.0	CSSM, Sec	Contains interfaces for system-level user authentication and authorization.
SecurityFoundation.framework	10.3	Sec	Contains Cocoa interfaces for authorizing users.
SecurityInterface.framework	10.3	PSA, SF	Contains the user interface layer for authorizing users in Cocoa apps.
ServerNotification.framework	10.6	NS	Contains Objective-C interfaces for sending and receiving server-based notifications.
ServiceManagement.framework	10.6	SM	Contains interfaces for loading, unloading and managing launchd services.
Social.framework	10.8	SL	Provides an API for sending requests to supported social networking services that can perform operations on behalf of users.
StoreKit.framework	10.7	SK	Supports requesting payment from a user to purchase additional functionality or content from the Mac App Store.
SyncServices.framework	10.4	ISync	Deprecated in OS X v10.7.
System.framework	10.0	N/A	Do not use.
SystemConfiguration.framework	10.0	SC	Contains interfaces for accessing network configuration and reachability. information.
Tcl.framework	10.3	Tcl	Contains interfaces for accessing the system’s Tcl interpreter from an app.
Tk.framework	10.4	Tk	Contains interfaces for accessing the system’s Tk toolbox from an app.
TWAIN.framework	10.2	TW	Contains interfaces for accessing TWAIN-compliant image-scanning hardware.
vecLib.framework	10.0	N/A	Deprecated. Use Accelerate.framework instead. See “Accelerate Framework.”
VideoDecodeAcceleration.framework	10.7	VDA	Contains interfaces for using hardware resources for accelerated video decoding.
VideoToolbox.framework	10.8	VT	Comprises the 64-bit replacement for the QuickTime Image Compression Manager.
WebKit.framework	10.2	DOM, Web	Umbrella framework for rendering HTML content. See “WebKit Framework.”
XgridFoundation.framework	10.4	XG	Deprecated in OS X v10.8. Contains interfaces for connecting to and managing computing cluster software.

OS X contains several umbrella frameworks for major areas of functionality. Umbrella frameworks group several related frameworks into a larger framework that can be included in your project. When writing software, link your project against the umbrella framework; do not try to link directly to any of its subframeworks. The following sections describe the contents of the umbrella frameworks in OS X.

Accelerate Framework

Table A-2 lists the subframeworks of the Accelerate framework (Accelerate.framework). If you are developing apps for earlier versions of OS X, vecLib.frameworkis available as a standalone framework.

Table A-2  Subframeworks of the Accelerate framework

Subframework	Description
vecLib.framework	Contains vector-optimized interfaces for performing math, big-number, and DSP calculations, among others.
vImage.framework	Contains vector-optimized interfaces for manipulating image data.

Application Services Framework

Table A-3 lists the subframeworks of the Application Services framework (ApplicationServices.framework). These frameworks provide C-based interfaces and are intended primarily for Carbon apps, although other programs can use them. The listed frameworks are available in all versions of OS X unless otherwise noted.

Table A-3  Subframeworks of the Application Services framework

Subframework	Description
ATS.framework	Contains interfaces for font layout and management using Apple Type Services.
ColorSync.framework	Contains interfaces for color matching using ColorSync.
HIServices.framework	Contains interfaces for accessibility, Internet Config, the pasteboard, the Process Manager, and the Translation Manager. Available in OS X 10.2 and later.
ImageIO.framework	Contains interfaces for importing and exporting image data.
LangAnalysis.framework	Contains the Language Analysis Manager interfaces.
PrintCore.framework	Contains the Core Printing Manager interfaces.
QD.framework	Contains the QuickDraw interfaces.
SpeechSynthesis.framework	Contains the Speech Manager interfaces.

Automator Framework

Table A-4 lists the subframeworks of the Automator framework (Automator.framework).

Table A-4  Subframeworks of the Automator framework

Subframework	Description
MediaBrowser.framework	Contains private interfaces for managing Automator plug-ins.

Carbon Framework

Table A-5 lists the subframeworks of the Carbon framework (Carbon.framework). The listed frameworks are available in all versions of OS X unless otherwise noted.

Table A-5  Subframeworks of the Carbon framework

Subframework	Description
CarbonSound.framework	Contains the Sound Manager interfaces. Whenever possible, use Core Audio instead.
CommonPanels.framework	Contains interfaces for displaying the Font window, Color window, and some network-related dialogs.
Help.framework	Contains interfaces for launching and searching Apple Help.
HIToolbox.framework	Contains interfaces for the Carbon Event Manager, HIToolbox object, and other user interface–related managers.
HTMLRendering.framework	Contains interfaces for rendering HTML content. The WebKit framework is the preferred framework for HTML rendering. See“WebKit Framework.”
ImageCapture.framework	Contains interfaces for capturing images from digital cameras. This framework works in conjunction with the Image Capture Devices framework (ICADevices.framework).
Ink.framework	Contains interfaces for managing pen-based input. (Ink events are defined with the Carbon Event Manager.)
NavigationServices.framework	Contains interfaces for displaying file navigation dialogs.
OpenScripting.framework	Contains interfaces for writing scripting components and interacting with those components to manipulate and execute scripts.
Print.framework	Contains the Carbon Printing Manager interfaces for displaying printing dialogs and extensions.
SecurityHI.framework	Contains interfaces for displaying security-related dialogs.
SpeechRecognition.framework	Contains the Speech Recognition Manager interfaces.

Core Services Framework

Table A-6 lists the subframeworks of the Core Services framework (CoreServices.framework). These frameworks provide C-based interfaces and are intended primarily for Carbon apps, although other programs can use them. The listed frameworks are available in all versions of OS X unless otherwise noted.

Table A-6  Subframeworks of the Core Services framework

Subframework	Description
AE.framework	Contains interfaces for creating and manipulating Apple events and making apps scriptable.
CarbonCore.framework	Contains interfaces for many legacy Carbon Managers. Most of the APIs in this framework are deprecated in OS X v10.8 (for more information, see Carbon Core Deprecations).
DictionaryServices.framework	Provides dictionary lookup capabilities.
LaunchServices.framework	Contains interfaces for launching apps.
Metadata.framework	Contains interfaces for managing Spotlight metadata.
OSServices.framework	Contains interfaces for Open Transport and many hardware-related legacy Carbon managers.
SearchKit.framework	Contains interfaces for the Search Kit.

Quartz Framework

Table A-7 lists the subframeworks of the Quartz framework (Quartz.framework).

Table A-7  Subframeworks of the Quartz framework

Subframework	Description
ImageKit.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for finding, browsing, and displaying images.
PDFKit.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for displaying and managing PDF content.
QuartzComposer.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for playing Quartz Composer compositions in an app.
QuartzFilters.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for managing and applying filter effects to a graphics context.
QuickLookUI.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for creating and managing a Quick Look preview panel, which is a UI object that displays preview items.

WebKit Framework

Table A-8 lists the subframeworks of the WebKit framework (WebKit.framework).

Table A-8  Subframeworks of the WebKit framework

Subframework	Description
WebCore.framework	Contains the library and resources for rendering HTML content in an HTMLView control.

Xcode Frameworks

Xcode and all of its supporting tools and libraries reside in a portable directory structure. This directory structure makes it possible to have multiple versions of Xcode installed on a single system or to have Xcode installed on a portable hard drive that you plug in to your computer when you need to do development. This portability means that the frameworks required by the developer tools are installed in the <Xcode>/Library/Frameworks directory, where <Xcode> is the path to the Xcode installation directory. Table A-9 lists the frameworks that are located in this directory.

Table A-9  Xcode frameworks

Framework	First available	Prefixes	Description
CPlusTest.framework	10.4	None	Unit-testing framework for C++ code.
InterfaceBuilderKit.framework	10.5	ib, IB	Interfaces for writing plug-ins that work in Interface Builder 3.0 and later.
SenTestingKit.framework	10.4	Sen	Interfaces for implementing unit tests in Objective-C.

System Libraries

Some specialty libraries at the BSD level are not packaged as frameworks. Instead, OS X includes many dynamic libraries in the /usr/lib directory and its subdirectories. Dynamic shared libraries are identified by their .dylib extension. Header files for the libraries are located in the /usr/include directory.

OS X uses symbolic links to point to the most current version of most libraries. When linking to a dynamic shared library, use the symbolic link instead of a link to a specific version of the library. Library versions may change in future versions of OS X. If your software is linked to a specific version, that version might not always be available on the user’s system.