本文分析基于Linux Kernel 3.2.1
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作者：闫明
Linux内核中协议族有INET协议族,UNIX协议族等，我们还是以INET协议族为例。
下面是内核中的协议族声明：
/* Supported address families. */
#define AF_UNSPEC 0
#define AF_UNIX 1 /* Unix domain sockets */
#define AF_LOCAL 1 /* POSIX name for AF_UNIX */
#define AF_INET 2 /* Internet IP Protocol */
#define AF_AX25 3 /* Amateur Radio AX.25 */
#define AF_IPX 4 /* Novell IPX */
#define AF_APPLETALK 5 /* AppleTalk DDP */
#define AF_NETROM 6 /* Amateur Radio NET/ROM */
#define AF_BRIDGE 7 /* Multiprotocol bridge */
#define AF_ATMPVC 8 /* ATM PVCs */
#define AF_X25 9 /* Reserved for X.25 project */
#define AF_INET6 10 /* IP version 6 */
#define AF_ROSE 11 /* Amateur Radio X.25 PLP */
#define AF_DECnet 12 /* Reserved for DECnet project */
#define AF_NETBEUI 13 /* Reserved for 802.2LLC project*/
#define AF_SECURITY 14 /* Security callback pseudo AF */
#define AF_KEY 15 /* PF_KEY key management API */
#define AF_NETLINK 16
#define AF_ROUTE AF_NETLINK /* Alias to emulate 4.4BSD */
#define AF_PACKET 17 /* Packet family */
#define AF_ASH 18 /* Ash */
#define AF_ECONET 19 /* Acorn Econet */
#define AF_ATMSVC 20 /* ATM SVCs */
#define AF_RDS 21 /* RDS sockets */
#define AF_SNA 22 /* Linux SNA Project (nutters!) */
#define AF_IRDA 23 /* IRDA sockets */
#define AF_PPPOX 24 /* PPPoX sockets */
#define AF_WANPIPE 25 /* Wanpipe API Sockets */
#define AF_LLC 26 /* Linux LLC */
#define AF_CAN 29 /* Controller Area Network */
#define AF_TIPC 30 /* TIPC sockets */
#define AF_BLUETOOTH 31 /* Bluetooth sockets */
#define AF_IUCV 32 /* IUCV sockets */
#define AF_RXRPC 33 /* RxRPC sockets */
#define AF_ISDN 34 /* mISDN sockets */
#define AF_PHONET 35 /* Phonet sockets */
#define AF_IEEE802154 36 /* IEEE802154 sockets */
#define AF_CAIF 37 /* CAIF sockets */
#define AF_ALG 38 /* Algorithm sockets */
#define AF_NFC 39 /* NFC sockets */
#define AF_MAX 40 /* For now.. */
内核中的PF_***和AF_***其实可以混用，它的宏定义如下：
/* Protocol families, same as address families. */
#define PF_UNSPEC AF_UNSPEC
#define PF_UNIX AF_UNIX
#define PF_LOCAL AF_LOCAL
#define PF_INET AF_INET
#define PF_AX25 AF_AX25
#define PF_IPX AF_IPX
#define PF_APPLETALK AF_APPLETALK
#define PF_NETROM AF_NETROM
#define PF_BRIDGE AF_BRIDGE
#define PF_ATMPVC AF_ATMPVC
#define PF_X25 AF_X25
#define PF_INET6 AF_INET6
#define PF_ROSE AF_ROSE
#define PF_DECnet AF_DECnet
#define PF_NETBEUI AF_NETBEUI
#define PF_SECURITY AF_SECURITY
#define PF_KEY AF_KEY
#define PF_NETLINK AF_NETLINK
#define PF_ROUTE AF_ROUTE
#define PF_PACKET AF_PACKET
#define PF_ASH AF_ASH
#define PF_ECONET AF_ECONET
#define PF_ATMSVC AF_ATMSVC
#define PF_RDS AF_RDS
#define PF_SNA AF_SNA
#define PF_IRDA AF_IRDA
#define PF_PPPOX AF_PPPOX
#define PF_WANPIPE AF_WANPIPE
#define PF_LLC AF_LLC
#define PF_CAN AF_CAN
#define PF_TIPC AF_TIPC
#define PF_BLUETOOTH AF_BLUETOOTH
#define PF_IUCV AF_IUCV
#define PF_RXRPC AF_RXRPC
#define PF_ISDN AF_ISDN
#define PF_PHONET AF_PHONET
#define PF_IEEE802154 AF_IEEE802154
#define PF_CAIF AF_CAIF
#define PF_ALG AF_ALG
#define PF_NFC AF_NFC
#define PF_MAX AF_MAX以后的分析就是以INET协议族为例来分析的。
下面的结构体就是在系统初始化时用来管理协议族初始化的结构体：
struct net_proto_family {
int family;
int (*create)(struct net *net, struct socket *sock,
int protocol, int kern);
struct module *owner;
};第二个属性就是协议族对应的初始化函数指针；
INET协议族对应该结构的定义如下：
static const struct net_proto_family inet_family_ops = {
.family = PF_INET,
.create = inet_create,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
};下面结构体是协议族操作集结构体定义：
struct proto_ops {
int family;
struct module *owner;
int (*release) (struct socket *sock);
int (*bind) (struct socket *sock,
struct sockaddr *myaddr,
int sockaddr_len);
int (*connect) (struct socket *sock,
struct sockaddr *vaddr,
int sockaddr_len, int flags);
int (*socketpair)(struct socket *sock1,
struct socket *sock2);
int (*accept) (struct socket *sock,
struct socket *newsock, int flags);
int (*getname) (struct socket *sock,
struct sockaddr *addr,
int *sockaddr_len, int peer);
unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *file, struct socket *sock,
struct poll_table_struct *wait);
int (*ioctl) (struct socket *sock, unsigned int cmd,
unsigned long arg);
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
int (*compat_ioctl) (struct socket *sock, unsigned int cmd,
unsigned long arg);
#endif
int (*listen) (struct socket *sock, int len);
int (*shutdown) (struct socket *sock, int flags);
int (*setsockopt)(struct socket *sock, int level,
int optname, char __user *optval, unsigned int optlen);
int (*getsockopt)(struct socket *sock, int level,
int optname, char __user *optval, int __user *optlen);
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
int (*compat_setsockopt)(struct socket *sock, int level,
int optname, char __user *optval, unsigned int optlen);
int (*compat_getsockopt)(struct socket *sock, int level,
int optname, char __user *optval, int __user *optlen);
#endif
int (*sendmsg) (struct kiocb *iocb, struct socket *sock,
struct msghdr *m, size_t total_len);
int (*recvmsg) (struct kiocb *iocb, struct socket *sock,
struct msghdr *m, size_t total_len,
int flags);
int (*mmap) (struct file *file, struct socket *sock,
struct vm_area_struct * vma);
ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct socket *sock, struct page *page,
int offset, size_t size, int flags);
ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct socket *sock, loff_t *ppos,
struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len, unsigned int flags);
};INET协议族中TCP和UDP协议对应的上述操作集的定义不同：
TCP协议z在INET层操作集inet_stream_ops
const struct proto_ops inet_stream_ops = {
.family = PF_INET,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.release = inet_release,
.bind = inet_bind,
.connect = inet_stream_connect,
.socketpair = sock_no_socketpair,
.accept = inet_accept,
.getname = inet_getname,
.poll = tcp_poll,
.ioctl = inet_ioctl,
.listen = inet_listen,
.shutdown = inet_shutdown,
.setsockopt = sock_common_setsockopt,
.getsockopt = sock_common_getsockopt,
.sendmsg = inet_sendmsg,
.recvmsg = inet_recvmsg,
.mmap = sock_no_mmap,
.sendpage = inet_sendpage,
.splice_read = tcp_splice_read,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
.compat_setsockopt = compat_sock_common_setsockopt,
.compat_getsockopt = compat_sock_common_getsockopt,
.compat_ioctl = inet_compat_ioctl,
#endif
};const struct proto_ops inet_dgram_ops = {
.family = PF_INET,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.release = inet_release,
.bind = inet_bind,
.connect = inet_dgram_connect,
.socketpair = sock_no_socketpair,
.accept = sock_no_accept,
.getname = inet_getname,
.poll = udp_poll,
.ioctl = inet_ioctl,
.listen = sock_no_listen,
.shutdown = inet_shutdown,
.setsockopt = sock_common_setsockopt,
.getsockopt = sock_common_getsockopt,
.sendmsg = inet_sendmsg,
.recvmsg = inet_recvmsg,
.mmap = sock_no_mmap,
.sendpage = inet_sendpage,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
.compat_setsockopt = compat_sock_common_setsockopt,
.compat_getsockopt = compat_sock_common_getsockopt,
.compat_ioctl = inet_compat_ioctl,
#endif
};上面两个操作集是属于INET协议族层次，可以由协议族层套接字socket来管理，下面是协议族层析的套接字结构体（BSD Socket）定义：
/**
* struct socket - general BSD socket
* @state: socket state (%SS_CONNECTED, etc)
* @type: socket type (%SOCK_STREAM, etc)
* @flags: socket flags (%SOCK_ASYNC_NOSPACE, etc)
* @ops: protocol specific socket operations
* @file: File back pointer for gc
* @sk: internal networking protocol agnostic socket representation
* @wq: wait queue for several uses
*/
struct socket {
socket_state state;
kmemcheck_bitfield_begin(type);
short type;
kmemcheck_bitfield_end(type);
unsigned long flags;
struct socket_wq __rcu *wq;
struct file *file;
struct sock *sk;
const struct proto_ops *ops;
};最后一个属性就指向了上面所述的操作集。若使用TCP协议，ops就是inet_stream_ops，若是UDP协议，ops就是inet_dgram_ops。
short type属性的取值可以是如下值：
enum sock_type {
SOCK_DGRAM = 1,
SOCK_STREAM = 2,
SOCK_RAW = 3,
SOCK_RDM = 4,
SOCK_SEQPACKET = 5,
SOCK_DCCP = 6,
SOCK_PACKET = 10,
};传输层的协议操作集结构体定义：
struct proto {
void (*close)(struct sock *sk,
long timeout);
int (*connect)(struct sock *sk,
struct sockaddr *uaddr,
int addr_len);
int (*disconnect)(struct sock *sk, int flags);
struct sock * (*accept) (struct sock *sk, int flags, int *err);
int (*ioctl)(struct sock *sk, int cmd,
unsigned long arg);
int (*init)(struct sock *sk);
void (*destroy)(struct sock *sk);
void (*shutdown)(struct sock *sk, int how);
int (*setsockopt)(struct sock *sk, int level,
int optname, char __user *optval,
unsigned int optlen);
int (*getsockopt)(struct sock *sk, int level,
int optname, char __user *optval,
int __user *option);
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
int (*compat_setsockopt)(struct sock *sk,
int level,
int optname, char __user *optval,
unsigned int optlen);
int (*compat_getsockopt)(struct sock *sk,
int level,
int optname, char __user *optval,
int __user *option);
int (*compat_ioctl)(struct sock *sk,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
#endif
int (*sendmsg)(struct kiocb *iocb, struct sock *sk,
struct msghdr *msg, size_t len);
int (*recvmsg)(struct kiocb *iocb, struct sock *sk,
struct msghdr *msg,
size_t len, int noblock, int flags,
int *addr_len);
int (*sendpage)(struct sock *sk, struct page *page,
int offset, size_t size, int flags);
int (*bind)(struct sock *sk,
struct sockaddr *uaddr, int addr_len);
int (*backlog_rcv) (struct sock *sk,
struct sk_buff *skb);
/* Keeping track of sk's, looking them up, and port selection methods. */
void (*hash)(struct sock *sk);
void (*unhash)(struct sock *sk);
void (*rehash)(struct sock *sk);
int (*get_port)(struct sock *sk, unsigned short snum);
void (*clear_sk)(struct sock *sk, int size);
/* Keeping track of sockets in use */
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
unsigned int inuse_idx;
#endif
/* Memory pressure */
void (*enter_memory_pressure)(struct sock *sk);
atomic_long_t *memory_allocated; /* Current allocated memory. */
struct percpu_counter *sockets_allocated; /* Current number of sockets. */
/*
* Pressure flag: try to collapse.
* Technical note: it is used by multiple contexts non atomically.
* All the __sk_mem_schedule() is of this nature: accounting
* is strict, actions are advisory and have some latency.
*/
int *memory_pressure;
long *sysctl_mem;
int *sysctl_wmem;
int *sysctl_rmem;
int max_header;
bool no_autobind;
struct kmem_cache *slab;
unsigned int obj_size;
int slab_flags;
struct percpu_counter *orphan_count;
struct request_sock_ops *rsk_prot;
struct timewait_sock_ops *twsk_prot;
union {
struct inet_hashinfo *hashinfo;
struct udp_table *udp_table;
struct raw_hashinfo *raw_hash;
} h;
struct module *owner;
char name[32];
struct list_head node;
#ifdef SOCK_REFCNT_DEBUG
atomic_t socks;
#endif
};TCP协议的操作集定义如下：
struct proto tcp_prot = {
.name = "TCP",
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.close = tcp_close,
.connect = tcp_v4_connect,
.disconnect = tcp_disconnect,
.accept = inet_csk_accept,
.ioctl = tcp_ioctl,
.init = tcp_v4_init_sock,
.destroy = tcp_v4_destroy_sock,
.shutdown = tcp_shutdown,
.setsockopt = tcp_setsockopt,
.getsockopt = tcp_getsockopt,
.recvmsg = tcp_recvmsg,
.sendmsg = tcp_sendmsg,
.sendpage = tcp_sendpage,
.backlog_rcv = tcp_v4_do_rcv,
.hash = inet_hash,
.unhash = inet_unhash,
.get_port = inet_csk_get_port,
.enter_memory_pressure = tcp_enter_memory_pressure,
.sockets_allocated = &tcp_sockets_allocated,
.orphan_count = &tcp_orphan_count,
.memory_allocated = &tcp_memory_allocated,
.memory_pressure = &tcp_memory_pressure,
.sysctl_mem = sysctl_tcp_mem,
.sysctl_wmem = sysctl_tcp_wmem,
.sysctl_rmem = sysctl_tcp_rmem,
.max_header = MAX_TCP_HEADER,
.obj_size = sizeof(struct tcp_sock),
.slab_flags = SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU,
.twsk_prot = &tcp_timewait_sock_ops,
.rsk_prot = &tcp_request_sock_ops,
.h.hashinfo = &tcp_hashinfo,
.no_autobind = true,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
.compat_setsockopt = compat_tcp_setsockopt,
.compat_getsockopt = compat_tcp_getsockopt,
#endif
};struct proto udp_prot = {
.name = "UDP",
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.close = udp_lib_close,
.connect = ip4_datagram_connect,
.disconnect = udp_disconnect,
.ioctl = udp_ioctl,
.destroy = udp_destroy_sock,
.setsockopt = udp_setsockopt,
.getsockopt = udp_getsockopt,
.sendmsg = udp_sendmsg,
.recvmsg = udp_recvmsg,
.sendpage = udp_sendpage,
.backlog_rcv = __udp_queue_rcv_skb,
.hash = udp_lib_hash,
.unhash = udp_lib_unhash,
.rehash = udp_v4_rehash,
.get_port = udp_v4_get_port,
.memory_allocated = &udp_memory_allocated,
.sysctl_mem = sysctl_udp_mem,
.sysctl_wmem = &sysctl_udp_wmem_min,
.sysctl_rmem = &sysctl_udp_rmem_min,
.obj_size = sizeof(struct udp_sock),
.slab_flags = SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU,
.h.udp_table = &udp_table,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
.compat_setsockopt = compat_udp_setsockopt,
.compat_getsockopt = compat_udp_getsockopt,
#endif
.clear_sk = sk_prot_clear_portaddr_nulls,
};现在介绍struct socket结构体中一个属性struct sock类型的结构体指针，这个结构体就是传输层的套接字，所有套接字通过该结构来使用网络协议的所有服务。定义如下：
struct sock {
/*
* Now struct inet_timewait_sock also uses sock_common, so please just
* don't add nothing before this first member (__sk_common) --acme
*/
struct sock_common __sk_common;
#define sk_node __sk_common.skc_node
#define sk_nulls_node __sk_common.skc_nulls_node
#define sk_refcnt __sk_common.skc_refcnt
#define sk_tx_queue_mapping __sk_common.skc_tx_queue_mapping
#define sk_dontcopy_begin __sk_common.skc_dontcopy_begin
#define sk_dontcopy_end __sk_common.skc_dontcopy_end
#define sk_hash __sk_common.skc_hash
#define sk_family __sk_common.skc_family
#define sk_state __sk_common.skc_state
#define sk_reuse __sk_common.skc_reuse
#define sk_bound_dev_if __sk_common.skc_bound_dev_if
#define sk_bind_node __sk_common.skc_bind_node
#define sk_prot __sk_common.skc_prot
#define sk_net __sk_common.skc_net
socket_lock_t sk_lock;
struct sk_buff_head sk_receive_queue;
/*
* The backlog queue is special, it is always used with
* the per-socket spinlock held and requires low latency
* access. Therefore we special case it's implementation.
* Note : rmem_alloc is in this structure to fill a hole
* on 64bit arches, not because its logically part of
* backlog.
*/
struct {
atomic_t rmem_alloc;
int len;
struct sk_buff *head;
struct sk_buff *tail;
} sk_backlog;
#define sk_rmem_alloc sk_backlog.rmem_alloc
int sk_forward_alloc;
#ifdef CONFIG_RPS
__u32 sk_rxhash;
#endif
atomic_t sk_drops;
int sk_rcvbuf;
struct sk_filter __rcu *sk_filter;
struct socket_wq __rcu *sk_wq;
#ifdef CONFIG_NET_DMA
struct sk_buff_head sk_async_wait_queue;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_XFRM
struct xfrm_policy *sk_policy[2];
#endif
unsigned long sk_flags;
struct dst_entry *sk_dst_cache;
spinlock_t sk_dst_lock;
atomic_t sk_wmem_alloc;
atomic_t sk_omem_alloc;
int sk_sndbuf;
struct sk_buff_head sk_write_queue;
kmemcheck_bitfield_begin(flags);
unsigned int sk_shutdown : 2,
sk_no_check : 2,
sk_userlocks : 4,
sk_protocol : 8,
sk_type : 16;
kmemcheck_bitfield_end(flags);
int sk_wmem_queued;
gfp_t sk_allocation;
int sk_route_caps;
int sk_route_nocaps;
int sk_gso_type;
unsigned int sk_gso_max_size;
int sk_rcvlowat;
unsigned long sk_lingertime;
struct sk_buff_head sk_error_queue;
struct proto *sk_prot_creator;
rwlock_t sk_callback_lock;
int sk_err,
sk_err_soft;
unsigned short sk_ack_backlog;
unsigned short sk_max_ack_backlog;
__u32 sk_priority;
struct pid *sk_peer_pid;
const struct cred *sk_peer_cred;
long sk_rcvtimeo;
long sk_sndtimeo;
void *sk_protinfo;
struct timer_list sk_timer;
ktime_t sk_stamp;
struct socket *sk_socket;
void *sk_user_data;
struct page *sk_sndmsg_page;
struct sk_buff *sk_send_head;
__u32 sk_sndmsg_off;
int sk_write_pending;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
void *sk_security;
#endif
__u32 sk_mark;
u32 sk_classid;
void (*sk_state_change)(struct sock *sk);
void (*sk_data_ready)(struct sock *sk, int bytes);
void (*sk_write_space)(struct sock *sk);
void (*sk_error_report)(struct sock *sk);
int (*sk_backlog_rcv)(struct sock *sk,
struct sk_buff *skb);
void (*sk_destruct)(struct sock *sk);
};若要将协议族操作集和具体协议操作集整合起来为IP协议提供接口，就需要下面的结构体定义：
struct inet_protosw {
struct list_head list;
/* These two fields form the lookup key. */
unsigned short type; /* This is the 2nd argument to socket(2). */
unsigned short protocol; /* This is the L4 protocol number. */
struct proto *prot;
const struct proto_ops *ops;
char no_check; /* checksum on rcv/xmit/none? */
unsigned char flags; /* See INET_PROTOSW_* below. */
};INET三种套接字定义的inetsw_array数组如下：
static struct inet_protosw inetsw_array[] =
{
{
.type = SOCK_STREAM,
.protocol = IPPROTO_TCP,
.prot = &tcp_prot,
.ops = &inet_stream_ops,
.no_check = 0,
.flags = INET_PROTOSW_PERMANENT |
INET_PROTOSW_ICSK,
},
{
.type = SOCK_DGRAM,
.protocol = IPPROTO_UDP,
.prot = &udp_prot,
.ops = &inet_dgram_ops,
.no_check = UDP_CSUM_DEFAULT,
.flags = INET_PROTOSW_PERMANENT,
},
{
.type = SOCK_DGRAM,
.protocol = IPPROTO_ICMP,
.prot = &ping_prot,
.ops = &inet_dgram_ops,
.no_check = UDP_CSUM_DEFAULT,
.flags = INET_PROTOSW_REUSE,
},
{
.type = SOCK_RAW,
.protocol = IPPROTO_IP, /* wild card */
.prot = &raw_prot,
.ops = &inet_sockraw_ops,
.no_check = UDP_CSUM_DEFAULT,
.flags = INET_PROTOSW_REUSE,
}
};static struct list_head inetsw[SOCK_MAX];那内核中套接字struct socket、struct sock、struct inet_sock、struct tcp_sock、struct raw_sock、struct udp_sock、structinet_connection_sock、structinet_timewait_sock和structtcp_timewait_sock的关系是怎样的呢？
*struct socket这个是BSD层的socket，应用程序会用过系统调用首先创建该类型套接字，它和具体协议无关。
*struct inet_sock是INET协议族使用的socket结构，可以看成位于INET层，是struct sock的一个扩展。它的第一个属性就是struct sock结构。
*struct sock是与具体传输层协议相关的套接字，所有内核的操作都基于这个套接字。
*struct tcp_sock是TCP协议的套接字表示，它是对struct inet_connection_sock的扩展，其第一个属性就是struct inet_connection_sockinet_conn。
*struct raw_sock是原始类型的套接字表示，ICMP协议就使用这种套接字，其是对struct sock的扩展。
*struct udp_sock是UDP协议套接字表示，其是对struct inet_sock套接字的扩展。
*struct inet_connetction_sock是所有面向连接协议的套接字，是对struct inet_sock套接字扩展。
后面两个是用于控制超时的套接字。
就拿struct inet_sock和struct sock为例来说明，为什么内核中可以直接将sock结构体首地址强制转换成inet_sock的首地址？并且inet_sock的大小要大于sock，直接进行如下强制转换
inet = inet_sk(sk);static inline struct inet_sock *inet_sk(const struct sock *sk)
{
return (struct inet_sock *)sk;
}不会发生内存非法访问吗？！那就是在分配的时候并不只是分配的struct sock结构体大小的存储空间！
可以细看sock结构体分配的代码：
struct sock *sk_alloc(struct net *net, int family, gfp_t priority,
struct proto *prot)
{
struct sock *sk;
sk = sk_prot_alloc(prot, priority | __GFP_ZERO, family);
if (sk) {
sk->sk_family = family;
sk->sk_prot = sk->sk_prot_creator = prot;
sock_lock_init(sk);
sock_net_set(sk, get_net(net));
atomic_set(&sk->sk_wmem_alloc, 1);
sock_update_classid(sk);
}
return sk;
}static struct sock *sk_prot_alloc(struct proto *prot, gfp_t priority,
int family)
{
struct sock *sk;
struct kmem_cache *slab;
slab = prot->slab;
if (slab != NULL) {
sk = kmem_cache_alloc(slab, priority & ~__GFP_ZERO);
..............................
} else
sk = kmalloc(prot->obj_size, priority);
.....................
return sk;
......................
}如果是TCP协议中的tcp_prot中指明该属性的大小为.obj_size = sizeof(struct tcp_sock)。
所以，程序中给struct sock指针分配的不是该结构体的实际大小，而是大于其实际大小，以便其扩展套接字的属性占用。
以图例说明tcp_sock是如何从sock强制转换来的：
下篇将分析套接字的绑定、连接等一系列操作的实现。
下篇将分析套接字的操作函数。
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