㈠ 初始化实验坏境
hr@ORCL> create table rollup_test as
2 select e.department_id,j.job_title,e.first_name,e.salary
3 from employees e,jobs j
4 where e.job_id=j.job_id;
Table created.
hr@ORCL> select * from rollup_test;
DEPARTMENT_ID JOB_TITLE FIRST_NAME SALARY
------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------- ----------
50 Shipping Clerk Donald 2600
50 Shipping Clerk Douglas 2600
10 Administration Assistant Jennifer 4400
20 Marketing Manager Michael 13000
20 Marketing Representative Pat 6000
40 Human Resources Representative Susan 6500
70 Public Relations Representative Hermann 10000
110 Accounting Manager Shelley 12000
110 Public Accountant William 8300
90 President Steven 24000
90 Administration Vice President Neena 17000
90 Administration Vice President Lex 17000
60 Programmer Alexander 9000
60 Programmer Bruce 6000
60 Programmer David 4800
60 Programmer Valli 4800
60 Programmer Diana 4200
100 Finance Manager Nancy 12000
100 Accountant Daniel 9000
100 Accountant John 8200
100 Accountant Ismael 7700
100 Accountant Jose Manuel 7800
100 Accountant Luis 6900
30 Purchasing Manager Den 11000
30 Purchasing Clerk Alexander 3100
30 Purchasing Clerk Shelli 2900
30 Purchasing Clerk Sigal 2800
30 Purchasing Clerk Guy 2600
30 Purchasing Clerk Karen 2500
50 Stock Manager Matthew 8000
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................㈡ 先看一下普通分组的效果：对DEPARTMENT_ID进行普通的GROUP BY操作---按照小组进行分组
hr@ORCL> select department_id,sum(salary) from rollup_test group by department_id;
DEPARTMENT_ID SUM(SALARY)
------------- -----------
100 51600
30 24900
7000
20 19000
70 10000
90 58000
110 20300
50 156400
40 6500
80 304500
10 4400
60 28800
12 rows selected.㈢ 对DEPARTMENT_ID进行普通的ROLLUP操作---按照小组进行分组，同时求总计
hr@ORCL> select department_id,sum(salary) from rollup_test group by rollup(department_id);
DEPARTMENT_ID SUM(SALARY)
------------- -----------
10 4400
20 19000
30 24900
40 6500
50 156400
60 28800
70 10000
80 304500
90 58000
100 51600
110 20300
7000
691400
13 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.06
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3210238927
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 107 | 2782 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT GROUP BY ROLLUP| | 107 | 2782 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | ROLLUP_TEST | 107 | 2782 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note
-----
- dynamic sampling used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
648 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
385 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
13 rows processed㈣ 使用Group By语句翻译一下上面的SQL语句如下（union all一个统计所有数据的行）
hr@ORCL> select department_id,sum(salary) from rollup_test group by department_id
2 union all
3 select null, sum(salary) from rollup_test
4 order by 1;
DEPARTMENT_ID SUM(SALARY)
------------- -----------
10 4400
20 19000
30 24900
40 6500
50 156400
60 28800
70 10000
80 304500
90 58000
100 51600
110 20300
7000
691400
13 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.02
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1519347417
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 108 | 2795 | 8 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT ORDER BY | | 108 | 2795 | 7 (58)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | UNION-ALL | | | | | |
| 3 | HASH GROUP BY | | 107 | 2782 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| ROLLUP_TEST | 107 | 2782 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 13 | | |
| 6 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| ROLLUP_TEST | 107 | 1391 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note
-----
- dynamic sampling used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
6 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
648 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
385 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
13 rows processed㈤ 再看一个ROLLUP两列的情况
hr@ORCL> select department_id,job_title,sum(salary) from rollup_test group by rollup(department_id,job_title);
DEPARTMENT_ID JOB_TITLE SUM(SALARY)
------------- ----------------------------------- -----------
Sales Representative 7000
7000
10 Administration Assistant 4400
10 4400
20 Marketing Manager 13000
20 Marketing Representative 6000
20 19000
30 Purchasing Clerk 13900
30 Purchasing Manager 11000
30 24900
40 Human Resources Representative 6500
40 6500
50 Stock Clerk 55700
50 Stock Manager 36400
50 Shipping Clerk 64300
50 156400
60 Programmer 28800
60 28800
70 Public Relations Representative 10000
70 10000
80 Sales Manager 61000
80 Sales Representative 243500
80 304500
90 President 24000
90 Administration Vice President 34000
90 58000
100 Accountant 39600
100 Finance Manager 12000
100 51600
110 Public Accountant 8300
110 Accounting Manager 12000
110 20300
691400
33 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.02
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3210238927
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 107 | 4815 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT GROUP BY ROLLUP| | 107 | 4815 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | ROLLUP_TEST | 107 | 4815 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note
-----
- dynamic sampling used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
1511 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
407 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
4 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
33 rows processed㈥ 上面的SQL语句该如何使用Group By进行翻译呢？
hr@ORCL> select department_id,job_title,sum(salary) from rollup_test group by department_id,job_title
2 union all
3 select department_id,null,sum(salary) from rollup_test group by department_id
4 union all
5 select null,null,sum(salary) from rollup_test
6 order by 1,2;
DEPARTMENT_ID JOB_TITLE SUM(SALARY)
------------- ----------------------------------- -----------
10 Administration Assistant 4400
10 4400
20 Marketing Manager 13000
20 Marketing Representative 6000
20 19000
30 Purchasing Clerk 13900
30 Purchasing Manager 11000
30 24900
40 Human Resources Representative 6500
40 6500
50 Shipping Clerk 64300
50 Stock Clerk 55700
50 Stock Manager 36400
50 156400
60 Programmer 28800
60 28800
70 Public Relations Representative 10000
70 10000
80 Sales Manager 61000
80 Sales Representative 243500
80 304500
90 Administration Vice President 34000
90 President 24000
90 58000
100 Accountant 39600
100 Finance Manager 12000
100 51600
110 Accounting Manager 12000
110 Public Accountant 8300
110 20300
Sales Representative 7000
691400
7000
33 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.02
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2979879831
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 215 | 7610 | 12 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT ORDER BY | | 215 | 7610 | 11 (73)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | UNION-ALL | | | | | |
| 3 | HASH GROUP BY | | 107 | 4815 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| ROLLUP_TEST | 107 | 4815 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 | HASH GROUP BY | | 107 | 2782 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 6 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| ROLLUP_TEST | 107 | 2782 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 7 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 13 | | |
| 8 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| ROLLUP_TEST | 107 | 1391 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note
-----
- dynamic sampling used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
9 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
1513 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
407 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
4 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
33 rows processed㈦ 补充一步，体验一下GROUPING函数的效果
SQL> select department_id,job_title,grouping(department_id),grouping(job_title),sum(salary)
2 from rollup_test group by rollup(department_id,job_title);
DEPARTMENT_ID JOB_TITLE GROUPING(DEPARTMENT_ID) GROUPING(JOB_TITLE) SUM(SALARY)
------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- -----------
Sales Representative 0 0 7000
0 1 7000
10 Administration Assistant 0 0 4400
10 0 1 4400
20 Marketing Manager 0 0 13000
20 Marketing Representative 0 0 6000
20 0 1 19000
30 Purchasing Clerk 0 0 13900
30 Purchasing Manager 0 0 11000
30 0 1 24900
40 Human Resources Representative 0 0 6500
40 0 1 6500
50 Stock Clerk 0 0 55700
50 Stock Manager 0 0 36400
50 Shipping Clerk 0 0 64300
50 0 1 156400
60 Programmer 0 0 28800
60 0 1 28800
70 Public Relations Representative 0 0 10000
70 0 1 10000
80 Sales Manager 0 0 61000
80 Sales Representative 0 0 243500
80 0 1 304500
90 President 0 0 24000
90 Administration Vice President 0 0 34000
90 0 1 58000
100 Accountant 0 0 39600
100 Finance Manager 0 0 12000
100 0 1 51600
110 Public Accountant 0 0 8300
110 Accounting Manager 0 0 12000
110 0 1 20300
1 1 691400
33 rows selected
看出来什么效果了么？
如果显示“1”表示GROUPING函数对应的列（例如JOB_TITLE字段）是由于ROLLUP函数所产生的空值对应的信息
即对此列进行汇总计算后的结果
如果显示“0”表示此行对应的这列参未与ROLLUP函数分组汇总活动
GROUPING函数可以接受一列，返回0或者1
如果列值为空，那么GROUPING()返回1；如果列值非空，那么返回0
GROUPING只能在使用ROLLUP或CUBE的查询中使用
当需要在返回空值的地方显示某个值时，GROUPING()就非常有用
㈧ 小结
ROLLUP在数据统计和报表生成过程中带来极大的便利，而且效率比起来Group By + Union组合方法效率高得多
这也体现了Oracle在SQL统计分析上人性化、自动化、高效率的特点
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