计算机频率、内存相关杂谈

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Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:普通表格; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;} --> <!-- [endif]--> 计算机传统架构是分为 北桥和南桥两个芯片组，其中北桥连接着 CPU 、显卡、以及内存等高速设备，南桥则连接着硬盘、 USB 、 PS/2 、 PCI 等等低速设备，不直接与处理器打交道，北桥和南桥之间也是通过 Hub 架构进行连接。如下图：

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从图上可以看出，北桥芯片负责和 CPU 通信，并控制内存 ( 仅限于 Intel 除 i7 系列以外的 cpu ， AMD 系列 cpu 在 K8 系列以后就在 cpu 中集成了 内存控制器 ，因此 AMD 平台的北桥芯片不控制内存 ) 、显卡数据在北桥内部传输 , 而北桥和 cpu 通信是通过 CPU 的 FSB 前端总线来进行传输的。

内存数据与 cpu 交互是这么一个过程： CPU 发出指令，通过前端总线到达北桥内存控制器，内存控制器再将命令给内存，内存将数据传递给北桥，北桥再通过前端总线传递给 CPU ，注意这个过程， CPU-> 北桥 -> 内存 -> 北桥 ->CPU. 因此 cpu 到北桥，北桥到内存的传输速度要匹配才能达到最佳效果，而北桥因为承载了大量数据的中转运输，发热量可不容小觑。

上面说的过程是传统过程，还有一类刚才说的 intel i7 系列以及 AMDK8 系列以后的 CPU 由于在 CPU 内部集成了内存控制器，内存控制器与 cpu 之间几乎没有间距，内存交互与 cpu 交互不再需要北桥参与，内存数据直接交给内存控制器后， cpu 直接取用，比传统方式来讲内存延迟小很多，当然也快捷很多。参考下图：

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明白了以上内容之后，后面部分就相对不那么空洞了，接下来再来看一些基本概念，然后我会讲一些与机器性能相关的一些匹配问题：

U(CPU 简称) 的 主频 ：cpu 工作时的频率，对于同系列的U 来说，一般是主频越高代表U 的处理速度越快，不同系列的U ，主频只能作为参考，因