JavaScript is a general purpose programming language that was introduced as the page scripting language for Netscape Navigator. It is widely believed to be a subset of Java, but it is not. It is a Scheme-like language with C-like syntax and soft objects. JavaScript was standardized in the ECMAScript Language Specification, Third Edition.
JSON is a subset of the object literal notation of JavaScript. Since JSON is a subset of JavaScript, it can be used in the language with no muss or fuss.
In this example, an object is created containing a single member "bindings", which contains an array containing three objects, each containing "ircEvent", "method", and "regex" members.
Members can be retrieved using dot or subscript operators.
To convert a JSON text into an object, use the eval() function. eval() invokes the JavaScript compiler. Since JSON is a proper subset of JavaScript, the compiler will correctly parse the text and produce an object structure.
The eval function is very fast. However, it can compile and execute any JavaScript program, so there can be security issues. The use of eval is indicated when the source is trusted and competent. This is commonly the case in web applications when a web server is providing both the base page and the JSON data. There are cases where the source is not trusted. In particular, clients should never be trusted.
When security is a concern it is better to use a JSON parser. A JSON parser will recognize only JSON text and so is much safer:
The optional filter parameter is a function that will be called for every key and value at every level of the final result. Each value will be replaced by the result of the filter function. This can be used to reform generic objects into instances of classes, or to transform date strings into Date objects.
A JSON stringifier goes in the opposite direction, converting JavaScript data structures into JSON text. JSON does not support cyclic data structures, so be careful to not give cyclical structures to the JSON stringifier.
If the stringify method sees an object that contains a toJSON method, it calls the method, and stringifies the value returned. This allows an object to determine its own JSON representation.
The stringifier method can take an optional array of strings. These strings are used to select the properties that will be included in the JSON text. Otherwise, all of the properties of the object will be included. In any case, values that do not have a representation in JSON (such as functions and undefined) are excluded.
The open source code of a JSON parser and JSON stringifier is available. When minified it is less than 2K.
JSON is a subset of the object literal notation of JavaScript. Since JSON is a subset of JavaScript, it can be used in the language with no muss or fuss.
var myJSONObject = {"bindings": [
{"ircEvent": "PRIVMSG", "method": "newURI", "regex": "^http://.*"},
{"ircEvent": "PRIVMSG", "method": "deleteURI", "regex": "^delete.*"},
{"ircEvent": "PRIVMSG", "method": "randomURI", "regex": "^random.*"}
]
};
In this example, an object is created containing a single member "bindings", which contains an array containing three objects, each containing "ircEvent", "method", and "regex" members.
Members can be retrieved using dot or subscript operators.
myJSONObject.bindings[0].method // "newURI"To convert a JSON text into an object, use the eval() function. eval() invokes the JavaScript compiler. Since JSON is a proper subset of JavaScript, the compiler will correctly parse the text and produce an object structure.
var myObject = eval('(' + myJSONtext + ')');The eval function is very fast. However, it can compile and execute any JavaScript program, so there can be security issues. The use of eval is indicated when the source is trusted and competent. This is commonly the case in web applications when a web server is providing both the base page and the JSON data. There are cases where the source is not trusted. In particular, clients should never be trusted.
When security is a concern it is better to use a JSON parser. A JSON parser will recognize only JSON text and so is much safer:
var myObject = JSON.parse(myJSONtext, filter);The optional filter parameter is a function that will be called for every key and value at every level of the final result. Each value will be replaced by the result of the filter function. This can be used to reform generic objects into instances of classes, or to transform date strings into Date objects.
myData = JSON.parse(text, function (key, value) {
return key.indexOf('date') >= 0 ? new Date(value) : value;
});A JSON stringifier goes in the opposite direction, converting JavaScript data structures into JSON text. JSON does not support cyclic data structures, so be careful to not give cyclical structures to the JSON stringifier.
var myJSONText = JSON.stringify(myObject);If the stringify method sees an object that contains a toJSON method, it calls the method, and stringifies the value returned. This allows an object to determine its own JSON representation.
The stringifier method can take an optional array of strings. These strings are used to select the properties that will be included in the JSON text. Otherwise, all of the properties of the object will be included. In any case, values that do not have a representation in JSON (such as functions and undefined) are excluded.
The open source code of a JSON parser and JSON stringifier is available. When minified it is less than 2K.
/*
json2.js
2008-02-14
Public Domain
No warranty expressed or implied. Use at your own risk.
See http://www.JSON.org/js.html
This file creates a global JSON object containing two methods:
JSON.stringify(value, whitelist)
value any JavaScript value, usually an object or array.
whitelist an optional array parameter that determines how object
values are stringified.
This method produces a JSON text from a JavaScript value.
There are three possible ways to stringify an object, depending
on the optional whitelist parameter.
If an object has a toJSON method, then the toJSON() method will be
called. The value returned from the toJSON method will be
stringified.
Otherwise, if the optional whitelist parameter is an array, then
the elements of the array will be used to select members of the
object for stringification.
Otherwise, if there is no whitelist parameter, then all of the
members of the object will be stringified.
Values that do not have JSON representaions, such as undefined or
functions, will not be serialized. Such values in objects will be
dropped; in arrays will be replaced with null.
JSON.stringify(undefined) returns undefined. Dates will be
stringified as quoted ISO dates.
Example:
var text = JSON.stringify(['e', {pluribus: 'unum'}]);
// text is '["e",{"pluribus":"unum"}]'
JSON.parse(text, filter)
This method parses a JSON text to produce an object or
array. It can throw a SyntaxError exception.
The optional filter parameter is a function that can filter and
transform the results. It receives each of the keys and values, and
its return value is used instead of the original value. If it
returns what it received, then structure is not modified. If it
returns undefined then the member is deleted.
Example:
// Parse the text. If a key contains the string 'date' then
// convert the value to a date.
myData = JSON.parse(text, function (key, value) {
return key.indexOf('date') >= 0 ? new Date(value) : value;
});
This is a reference implementation. You are free to copy, modify, or
redistribute.
Use your own copy. It is extremely unwise to load third party
code into your pages.
*/
/*jslint evil: true */
/*global JSON */
/*members "\b", "\t", "\n", "\f", "\r", "\"", JSON, "\\", apply,
charCodeAt, floor, getUTCDate, getUTCFullYear, getUTCHours,
getUTCMinutes, getUTCMonth, getUTCSeconds, hasOwnProperty, join, length,
parse, propertyIsEnumerable, prototype, push, replace, stringify, test,
toJSON, toString
*/
if (!this.JSON) {
JSON = function () {
function f(n) { // Format integers to have at least two digits.
return n < 10 ? '0' + n : n;
}
Date.prototype.toJSON = function () {
// Eventually, this method will be based on the date.toISOString method.
return this.getUTCFullYear() + '-' +
f(this.getUTCMonth() + 1) + '-' +
f(this.getUTCDate()) + 'T' +
f(this.getUTCHours()) + ':' +
f(this.getUTCMinutes()) + ':' +
f(this.getUTCSeconds()) + 'Z';
};
var m = { // table of character substitutions
'\b': '\\b',
'\t': '\\t',
'\n': '\\n',
'\f': '\\f',
'\r': '\\r',
'"' : '\\"',
'\\': '\\\\'
};
function stringify(value, whitelist) {
var a, // The array holding the partial texts.
i, // The loop counter.
k, // The member key.
l, // Length.
r = /["\\\x00-\x1f\x7f-\x9f]/g,
v; // The member value.
switch (typeof value) {
case 'string':
// If the string contains no control characters, no quote characters, and no
// backslash characters, then we can safely slap some quotes around it.
// Otherwise we must also replace the offending characters with safe sequences.
return r.test(value) ?
'"' + value.replace(r, function (a) {
var c = m[a];
if (c) {
return c;
}
c = a.charCodeAt();
return '\\u00' + Math.floor(c / 16).toString(16) +
(c % 16).toString(16);
}) + '"' :
'"' + value + '"';
case 'number':
// JSON numbers must be finite. Encode non-finite numbers as null.
return isFinite(value) ? String(value) : 'null';
case 'boolean':
case 'null':
return String(value);
case 'object':
// Due to a specification blunder in ECMAScript,
// typeof null is 'object', so watch out for that case.
if (!value) {
return 'null';
}
// If the object has a toJSON method, call it, and stringify the result.
if (typeof value.toJSON === 'function') {
return stringify(value.toJSON());
}
a = [];
if (typeof value.length === 'number' &&
!(value.propertyIsEnumerable('length'))) {
// The object is an array. Stringify every element. Use null as a placeholder
// for non-JSON values.
l = value.length;
for (i = 0; i < l; i += 1) {
a.push(stringify(value[i], whitelist) || 'null');
}
// Join all of the elements together and wrap them in brackets.
return '[' + a.join(',') + ']';
}
if (whitelist) {
// If a whitelist (array of keys) is provided, use it to select the components
// of the object.
l = whitelist.length;
for (i = 0; i < l; i += 1) {
k = whitelist[i];
if (typeof k === 'string') {
v = stringify(value[k], whitelist);
if (v) {
a.push(stringify(k) + ':' + v);
}
}
}
} else {
// Otherwise, iterate through all of the keys in the object.
for (k in value) {
if (typeof k === 'string') {
v = stringify(value[k], whitelist);
if (v) {
a.push(stringify(k) + ':' + v);
}
}
}
}
// Join all of the member texts together and wrap them in braces.
return '{' + a.join(',') + '}';
}
}
return {
stringify: stringify,
parse: function (text, filter) {
var j;
function walk(k, v) {
var i, n;
if (v && typeof v === 'object') {
for (i in v) {
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.apply(v, [i])) {
n = walk(i, v[i]);
if (n !== undefined) {
v[i] = n;
} else {
delete v[i];
}
}
}
}
return filter(k, v);
}
// Parsing happens in three stages. In the first stage, we run the text against
// regular expressions that look for non-JSON patterns. We are especially
// concerned with '()' and 'new' because they can cause invocation, and '='
// because it can cause mutation. But just to be safe, we want to reject all
// unexpected forms.
// We split the first stage into 4 regexp operations in order to work around
// crippling inefficiencies in IE's and Safari's regexp engines. First we
// replace all backslash pairs with '@' (a non-JSON character). Second, we
// replace all simple value tokens with ']' characters. Third, we delete all
// open brackets that follow a colon or comma or that begin the text. Finally,
// we look to see that the remaining characters are only whitespace or ']' or
// ',' or ':' or '{' or '}'. If that is so, then the text is safe for eval.
if (/^[\],:{}\s]*$/.test(text.replace(/\\./g, '@').
replace(/"[^"\\\n\r]*"|true|false|null|-?\d+(?:\.\d*)?(?:[eE][+\-]?\d+)?/g, ']').
replace(/(?:^|:|,)(?:\s*\[)+/g, ''))) {
// In the second stage we use the eval function to compile the text into a
// JavaScript structure. The '{' operator is subject to a syntactic ambiguity
// in JavaScript: it can begin a block or an object literal. We wrap the text
// in parens to eliminate the ambiguity.
j = eval('(' + text + ')');
// In the optional third stage, we recursively walk the new structure, passing
// each name/value pair to a filter function for possible transformation.
return typeof filter === 'function' ? walk('', j) : j;
}
// If the text is not JSON parseable, then a SyntaxError is thrown.
throw new SyntaxError('parseJSON');
}
};
}();
}
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