38 种编程语言。都试过了！

从 Fortran 等经典语言到 Swift 等新手，
我都试过了，可以说：多么浪费时间！希望
在这段旅程中我并不孤单，我们可以一起消磨时光。

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到本次导览结束时，
您要么一路大笑回到您的文本编辑器……
要么泪流满面，因为现在您无法决定接下来要学习哪种语言。

但是，嘿，至少它很有趣！

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现在……
让我们直接
进入这个
编程优点的宝库吧！⌨️💻🌐

Scratch：编程的乐高乐园

Scratch 让您可以像孩子玩乐高积木一样培养编码技能，谁不喜欢乐高积木呢？

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<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code>when green flag clicked
  // Scratch uses blocks instead of text-based code, making it beginner-friendly!
  say "Hello, world!" for 2 seconds

move (10) steps
// Motion blocks control movement - here we tell the sprite to take a walk!

turn cw (15) degrees
// Scratch's way of saying "Take a right turn!". CW stands for clockwise.

change color effect by (25)
// Jazz up your sprite with some colors! This block changes the hue.

if on edge, bounce
// No more falling off the stage! With this block, sprites always stay in sight.
</code></span></span>

BASIC：初级语言之父

BASIC是初学者编程语言的鼻祖，但仍有一些不足之处。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code>10 REM This is a BASIC program - it's super simple and fun!
15 REM The following line prints "HELLO WORLD" on the screen.
20 PRINT "HELLO WORLD"
25 REM Let's do some math! We'll start by assigning values to variables A and B.
30 LET A = 42: LET B = 7
35 REM Now we will calculate the sum, difference, product, and quotient of A and B.
40 LET SUM = A + B: LET DIFFERENCE = A - B: LET PRODUCT = A * B: LET QUOTIENT = INT(A / B)
45 REM Time to display our results with a sprinkle of humor!
50 PRINT "THE ANSWER TO LIFE, THE UNIVERSE AND EVERYTHING PLUS LUCKY NUMBER SEVEN IS "; SUM
55 PRINT "BUT IF YOU SUBTRACT LUCKY NUMBER SEVEN FROM IT... POOF! YOU GET "; DIFFERENCE
60 PRINT "MULTIPLYING THEM GIVES US"; PRODUCT; ", WHICH MIGHT BE USEFUL SOMEWHERE (WHO KNOWS?)"
65 PRINT "AND DIVIDING THEM BRINGS OUR UNIVERSE BACK IN BALANCE WITH THE RESULT OF "; QUOTIENT
70 END

REM Some basics about BASIC:
REM - It stands for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
REM - Line numbers are used to organize code statements in sequence.
REM - 'PRINT' command displays output on the screen.
REM - Variables can be assigned using 'LET', but you can also directly use variable names without it too!
</code></span></span>

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Python：缩进国家

Python 就像馅饼一样简单，但不要吃太多，否则你会消化不良（来自所有这些凹痕）。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Python is an interpreted high-level language, known for its readability and ease of use
</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello snek!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># It uses dynamic typing - no need to specify variable types explicitly! How cool (and risky) is that?
</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">fav_food</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"mice"</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Don't forget about our beloved list comprehensions!
</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">squares</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">[</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">**</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">for</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">in</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">range</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">11</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)]</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Indentation matters in Python. Tab or space? That's the real question.
</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">if</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">fav_food</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">==</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"mice"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Snek loves mice!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">else</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"What kind of snek doesn't love mice?"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Errors are raised as exceptions, but we can catch them with try-except blocks
</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">try</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">result</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">5</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">/</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">except</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">ZeroDivisionError</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Sneks don't do math well."</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># One last thing: everything in Python is an object. Even functions!
</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">def</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">wiggle</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">():</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">return</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Wiggle wiggle."</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">snek_wiggle_function</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">wiggle</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">snek_wiggle_function</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">())</span>
</code></span></span>

JavaScript：Web 开发的必备之恶

JavaScript 有时可能是丑陋和凌乱的，但是嘿，我们的大多数卧室也是如此，而且我们仍然住在其中。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Semicolons are optional in JavaScript but let's use them for fun;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">console</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">log</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Hello world... Now with more semicolons;</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Variables can be declared using var, let or const. Don't be a "var"barian!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">coolVar</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Be cool, use "let";</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Template literals: Because concatenation is too mainstream.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">const</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">coolerVar</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">`Even better with </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\`</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">${</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">coolVar</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\`</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">`</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Log our cooler variable to the console;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">console</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">log</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">coolerVar</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Arrow functions: Shorter syntax & lexical this binding. Neat!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">const</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">addEmUp</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">a</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">b</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">a</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">b</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">;</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Call our arrow function;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">console</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">log</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">`Adding 3 and 7 gives us </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">${</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">addEmUp</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">7</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)}</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">!`</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>
</code></span></span>

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Java：不朽的语言

Java 是一种不死的语言——它就像一个僵尸，但语法更好。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Java is a popular high-level, object-oriented programming language.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">public</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">class</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">HelloWorld</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">{</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// The 'main' method serves as the entry point for our program execution.</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">public</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">static</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">void</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">String</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">[]</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">args</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// System.out.println() is used to print text to the console. It's an essential debugging tool!</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">System</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">out</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">println</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"BRAINS! I mean... Hello World!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">);</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Java loves its curly braces and semi-colons - don't forget them or it'll get cranky!</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// In Java, everything belongs to a class, even zombies. So embrace your inner zombie coder!</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// If you're looking for more excitement in life (and code), try out other languages like JavaScript or Python.</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">}</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">}</span>
</code></span></span>

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C：旧的可靠

C 就像你 70 年代的旧车——它可能不像新车型那么华丽，但它仍然能带你去你想去的地方。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">#include</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"><stdio.h></span><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"> // C's most basic library, allowing I/O operations like printf</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// main() is where your program starts execution, it's the heart of a C application</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">int</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
   <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">printf</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello vintage world!</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\n</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// printf is used to display text on screen</span>
   <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Fun fact: C was created back in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs!</span>

   <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">return</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Indicates successful execution to the operating system (OS)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*
C is a procedural language, which means you'll write programs using functions.
It's incredibly fast and efficient - even modern programming languages rely on it!
C lets you play with memory management directly, giving you great control & power,
but remember: "With great power comes great responsibility." Don't mess up! ;)
*/</span>
</code></span></span>

C++：比飞驰的子弹还快

C++ 为您提供速度和效率等超能力，只是不要尝试从您的眼睛中飞行或发射激光。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">#include</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"><iostream></span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">using</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">namespace</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">std</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// C++ is a statically-typed language, which means that types are checked at compile time.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It's an extension of the C programming language and supports object-oriented programming.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">int</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// 'cout' stands for "console output" and is used to display text on the screen.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cout</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)"><<</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello turbo-charged world!"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)"><<</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">endl</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// In C++, you don't need to use 'return 0;' in the main function as it's implied by default.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// However, adding it explicitly can be considered good practice!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>
</code></span></span>

以其高性能和开发复杂系统的能力而闻名。

 

 

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SQL：像专业人士一样与您的数据库对话

SQL 可让您与数据库进行深入对话，但不要指望它们会分享它们的感受。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- SQL (Structured Query Language) is the go-to language for interacting with relational databases.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- It allows you to create, read, update and delete data in a simple and intuitive way.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">SELECT</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Hello, relational world!'</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">AS</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greeting</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Here we SELECT a string value as an alias called "greeting".</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/* And now let's have some fun! */</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">CREATE</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">TABLE</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cats</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">id</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">INT</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">PRIMARY</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">KEY</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">VARCHAR</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">50</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">),</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">INT</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Create a table named "cats" with columns id, name and age.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">INSERT</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">INTO</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cats</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">id</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">VALUES</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Mr. Whiskers'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Insert Mr. Whiskers into our cats table!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">SELECT</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">FROM</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cats</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">WHERE</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Let's find all the cool adult cats that are older than 2 years old.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">UPDATE</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cats</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">SET</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">4</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">WHERE</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Mr. Whiskers'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Happy birthday Mr. Whiskers! Let's -- update your age in the database.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">DELETE</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">FROM</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cats</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">WHERE</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Mr. Whiskers'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Oh no! Mr. Whiskers has found a new home, let's remove him from our table.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">SELECT</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">COUNT</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">FROM</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cats</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Let's see how many cats are left in our table after Mr. Whiskers' departure.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/* Congrats! You've now experienced some SQL magic.
   With these basics, you can dive deeper into the world of relational databases and data manipulation! */</span>
</code></span></span>

PHP：Web 的主力军

PHP 是网络的主力军；它可能不是最漂亮或最快的马，但它完成了工作。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"><?php</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It can also be used as a general-purpose programming language.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/* The first thing you might notice is the "<?php" opening tag and "?>" closing tag.
  This tells the server to interpret everything between these tags as PHP code. */</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">echo</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello World! I'm still relevant!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// 'echo' is one of several ways to output data in PHP. It's fun, simple, and effective!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">42</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$y</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Universe"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">echo</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">.</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">' - The answer to life, the '</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">.</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$y</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Concatenation with '.' operator</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">?></span>
</code></span></span>

动图

斯威夫特：苹果的宠儿

Swift 就像 Apple 的一款闪亮的新玩具——我们都想要一个，即使我们还不确定它能做什么。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Swift - a modern, powerful language created by Apple for iOS and macOS development.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It's known for being expressive, safe-by-design, and enjoyable to write.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello world fresh from Cupertino!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Print function for displaying text</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greeting</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Swift is fun"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// 'let' creates an immutable constant (like const in JS)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">var</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">mutableGreeting</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Swifter than you think!"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// 'var' creates a mutable variable</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greeting</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Prints: Swift is fun</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">mutableGreeting</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">" 😉"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// String interpolation done using \(variable)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">mutableGreeting</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Prints: Swifter than you think! 😉</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">if</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greeting</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">count</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">mutableGreeting</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">count</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span> 
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Long live constants!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> 
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">else</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Change it up with variables!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span> 

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// In Swift, the curly braces {} around if-else blocks are mandatory. No more confusion!</span>
</code></span></span>

动图

Kotlin：Java 的时髦表亲

Kotlin 就像 Java 的时髦表亲，它让您质疑为什么您仍在使用 Java。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Welcome to Kotlin - a modern, concise, and expressive language!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It's the cool kid on the block for Android app development.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">fun</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Here's our simple "Hello World!" program in Kotlin.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">println</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hey there cool kids!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*
 * Fun fact: Kotlin is 100% interoperable with Java. That means you can have both
 * Java and Kotlin code in the same project without any issues! How awesome is that?
 */</span>

 <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*
  * In Kotlin, functions are declared using 'fun' keyword.
  * Check out this funky example below:
  */</span>
 <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">fun</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">doTheFunkyThing</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">thing</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">String</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">println</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"$thing just got funky!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*
 * Goodbye semicolons! Unlike some of its older siblings (ahem...Java), 
 * you don't need semicolons at the end of each statement in Kotlin. Neat, huh?
 */</span>

 <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*
  * Life's too short for boilerplate code.Kotlin's got you covered with features like data classes and extension functions,
  * making your code shorter and cleaner. Say goodbye to that boilerplate nightmare!
  */</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">data class</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">CoolKid</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">val</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">String</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">val</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Int</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*
 * Null safety is one of Kotlin's shining stars.
 * You can't assign a null value to a variable unless you really want it (using '?').
 * Now embrace the power of avoiding NullPointerExceptions - no more billion-dollar mistakes!
 */</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">val</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">coolKidsClub</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">List</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">CoolKid</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">?></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">listOf</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">CoolKid</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Alice"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">25</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">),</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">null</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*
 * With Kotlin, you get both object-oriented programming and functional programming
 * in one neat package. Lambdas? Higher-order functions? Collections API?
 * Yup, we've got it all! Unleash the full potential of your code-fu skills.
 */</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">val</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">evenCoolerKids</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">coolKidsClub</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">filterNotNull</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">().</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">filter</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">it</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">>=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">18</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>
</code></span></span>

R：统计学家的挚友

R 就像一个热爱统计和数据分析的数学书呆子——对你好点，它们会帮助你通过考试。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># R is a language for statistical computing and graphics, loved by data scientists.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">cat</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello, world of numbers!\n"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># R has built-in support for vectorized operations, making it fast and easy to manipulate data.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">my_vector</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)"><-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">c</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">doubled_vector</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)"><-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">my_vector</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Data frames are the backbone of working with data in R - think spreadsheet-like tables!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">my_data_frame</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)"><-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">data.frame</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">c</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Alice"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Bob"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">),</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">c</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">30</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">25</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">))</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># The 'apply' family of functions allows you to apply a function to elements in vectors or data frames.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">sum_of_ages</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)"><-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">sum</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">my_data_frame</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">$</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Packages like ggplot2 make creating stunning visualizations almost as fun as playing with Lego bricks.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">library</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">ggplot2</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">ggplot</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">my_data_frame</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">geom_col</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">aes</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">y</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">))</span>
</code></span></span>

记住：“人生苦短。使用 R。” 😉

动图

Go：Google 的 Speedy Offspring

Go 是相当于能量饮料的编程语言；它会让你真正快速前进！

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">package</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">main</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">import</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"fmt"</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Go, also known as Golang, is a statically typed language that excels in concurrent programming.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It's fast and efficient like C++ but with the simplicity of Python. Your computer will go bonkers!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">func</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Here we have our entry point for any Go program - the main function.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">fmt</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">Println</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Gopher speed!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// With just ten lines of code here, you can't unveil all its superpowers,</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// but never fear! You'll eventually find yourself using it to build robust systems!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>
</code></span></span>

飞镖：扑向你的心

Dart 听起来像是周五晚上在酒吧做的事，但它实际上是为了用 Flutter 构建漂亮的应用程序。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Dart is a versatile language developed by Google, used for web, server, and mobile applications.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It's popular for building cross-platform apps using the Flutter framework.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Hello from the dartboard!'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// This print function displays text to the console.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Variables in Dart can be explicitly typed or inferred using `var`.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">int</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">30</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">String</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Dartman'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">var</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">weapon</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Dartgun'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Functions are easily defined with concise syntax and optional return types.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">bool</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">isHero</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">String</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">heroName</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">heroName</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">==</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Dartman'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">isHero</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">));</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// true</span>
</code></span></span>

动图

C#：微软的最佳创作

C# 之于 Java 就像蝙蝠侠之于超人——类似的力量，但更酷的小工具（和 Visual Studio）。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">using</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">System</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// C# is a statically typed, object-oriented language developed by Microsoft.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Unlike JavaScript, it has a clean syntax and strong typing support.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">class</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">HelloWorld</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// The Main method serves as the entry point for console applications in C#.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">static</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">void</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Console.WriteLine allows you to print messages on the screen. Very useful!</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">Console</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">WriteLine</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Greetings from Gotham!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>

        <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// With only 10 lines of code at our disposal, we can't conquer the world yet,</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// but hey! You could start an exciting career in software engineering with C#!</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>
</code></span></span>

请记住，每个超级英雄都从某个地方开始。也学习其他语言，也许有一天您会用您的编码技能拯救哥谭市！

Visual Basic：被遗忘的英雄

Visual Basic 曾为许多开发人员挽救生命，但现在它像退休的超级英雄一样生活在阴影中。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">' Visual Basic is an easy-to-read, powerful language developed by Microsoft.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">' VB.NET, a modern version of Visual Basic, is part of the .NET framework.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Module</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">HelloWorld</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">' "Sub Main()" serves as the entry point for our program execution.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Sub</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">' Console.WriteLine() outputs text to the console window.</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">Console</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">WriteLine</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello from the Batcave! Alfred's serving tea."</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

        <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">' Let's show some basic math operations and string concatenation!</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Dim</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">batMath</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">As</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Integer</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">5</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">8</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">Console</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">WriteLine</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Batman solved this: "</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">&</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">batMath</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">ToString</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">())</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">End</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Sub</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">End</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Module</span>
</code></span></span>

动图

Perl：瑞士军刀

Perl 就像您拥有的那把旧瑞士军刀 – 超级有用且用途广泛，但很难掌握。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Perl (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language) is a dynamic, versatile language known for its text processing abilities.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Hey there, pearl of wisdom!</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\n</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">";</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Prints a string with a newline character at the end</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">my</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Larry Wall</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">";</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Declare a scalar variable named 'name' holding the creator of Perl's name</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Perl was created by </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">$name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\n</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">";</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Variable interpolation within double quotes makes it fun!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">if</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">eq</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Larry Wall</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">")</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Use 'eq' to compare strings in Perl</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">You know your history!</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\n</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">";</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">for</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">my</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$i</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">..</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">5</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>           <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># A C-style loop isn't always needed. This range operator is unique!</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">$i</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\n</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">";</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">@array</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">qw(Perl Python Ruby)</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>      <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Create an array using qw() - quote words syntax for elegance</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$size</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">@array</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>                     <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Get the size of an array just like that! No need for functions.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">print</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">@array</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)"> are popular languages. Total: </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">$size</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">\n</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">";</span>

</code></span></span>

Ruby：程序员最好的朋友

红宝石就像一颗宝石——美丽、有价值，每个人都希望在简历中出现一颗宝石。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Ruby is a high-level, dynamic programming language with an elegant syntax.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># It emphasizes simplicity and productivity, making it a favorite among developers.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">puts</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Hello shiny world!'</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Puts (short for "put string") displays the text in the console.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">def</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">greet</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>           <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Defining a function called `greet` that takes one argument, `name`.</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hi there, </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">#{</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">}</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">!"</span>    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># String interpolation allows you to insert variables directly into strings.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">end</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">puts</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greet</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Rubyist'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>     <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Call the function with an argument and display the result.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">times</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">puts</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Ruby rocks!'</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># This demonstrates Ruby's powerful blocks feature.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">..</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">5</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">).</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">each</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">do</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">|</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">num</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">|</span>      <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Ranges are used to represent sequences. Here we loop through numbers 1 to 5.</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">puts</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">num</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">num</span>          <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Print each number squared using arithmetic operations within `puts`.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">end</span>
</code></span></span>

Scala：Java 的老练表亲

Scala 就像那个优雅的堂兄，端着一杯酒出现在家庭聚会上，谈论函数式编程。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Welcome to Scala! It's a blend of object-oriented and functional programming, running on the JVM.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">object</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">HelloWorld</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">extends</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">App</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// 'object' creates a singleton instance. 'extends App' is for simple command-line programs.</span>

  <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">println</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello, fancy world!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">)</span>    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Unlike Java: no semicolons needed! Scala infers them.</span>

  <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">val</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greeting</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Have an awesome day!"</span>   <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// 'val' declares an immutable variable. Think of it as a constant in other languages.</span>

  <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">def</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">sayGoodbye</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">String</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">)</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Unit</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">{</span>   <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Defining functions with 'def'. ': Unit =' means there's no return value (like void).</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">println</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">s</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Goodbye $name!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">)</span>            <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Using string interpolation with the '$'.</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">}</span>

  <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">sayGoodbye</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Scala"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">)</span>                    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Calling our function without parentheses around arguments.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">}</span> 
</code></span></span>

Objective-C：酷之前的 Apple 语言

在 Swift 出现并抢走了它的风头之前，Objective-C 是 Apple 开发人员的首选语言。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Objective-C is an OOP language that extends C and adds a Smalltalk-style messaging system.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">int</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">main</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">int</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">argc</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">const</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">char</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">argv</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">[])</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">@autoreleasepool</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Memory management! This block helps manage memory resources efficiently.</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">NSLog</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">@"Hello old-school Apple!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Logging messages in ObjC - say hello to NSLog!</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">NSString</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">funFact</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">@"Objective-C can still party with Swift!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">NSLog</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">@"%@"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">funFact</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// %@ is the format specifier for objects like NSString. Let's print it!</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">return</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Exiting gracefully, just like grandpa told us.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>
</code></span></span>

集会：男人与男孩分开的地方

汇编是编程语言中的 Chuck Norris——你不选择它；它选择了你。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code>section .data
hello db 'Hello, bare-metal world!',0xA  ; Define "hello" string with newline (0xA) at the end

section .text
global _start   
_start:
mov eax,4        ; Prepare syscall for write operation (sys_write = 4)
mov ebx,1        ; File descriptor: stdout (1); we're writing to console!
lea ecx,[hello]  ; Load address of our lovely message into ecx register
add edx,len      ; Calculate length of the string including newline character and store in edx register

int 0x80          ; Trigger interrupt. Magic happens! Hello world appears!

mov eax,1         ; Prepare syscall for exit operation (sys_exit = 1)
xor ebx,ebx       ; Set exit code to zero using xor trick; it means success!
int 0x80          ; Another interrupt. Goodbye cruel world...

len equ $-hello   ;
</code></span></span>

这是汇编语言——您可以直接与 CPU 对话！这就像驾驶手动档而不是自动档汽车。你有更多的控制权，但也有更多的责任。

在这个片段中，我们通过在离开 😢 之前在屏幕上打印一条消息来迎接“裸机世界”。组装可能很艰难，但提供了无与伦比的性能和对计算机如何在引擎盖下真正工作的理解。

Fortran：仍然强烈地打卡

Fortran 语言就像您曾祖父的怀表——这么多年了，它仍然在滴答作响！

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">! Welcome to the world of Fortran, where everything began.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">! It's one of the oldest programming languages, created in 1957 for scientific computation.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">PROGRAM</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">HelloFortranWorld</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">! This line declares our program and its name.</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">PRINT</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello, timeless world!"</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">! Say hello to a classic example of fixed-format code. The "*" defines default format.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">END</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">PROGRAM</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">HelloFortranWorld</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">! And this is how we close the program block.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">! You might feel like a dinosaur while coding in Fortran,</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">! but it's still widely used in high-performance computing and engineering applications!</span>
</code></span></span>

Lua：游戏开发的无名英雄

Lua 就像百老汇戏剧中的替补——总是在那里提供支持，从不抱怨处于聚光灯下。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Lua is an embeddable scripting language, great for game engines or extending applications.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello from backstage!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Variables are dynamically typed. You don't have to specify the type when you declare it.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">local</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"LuaRocks"</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">local</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">age</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">25</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Functions can be easily assigned to variables and passed around like any other value.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">local</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">function</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">greet</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">person</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hey there, "</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">..</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">person</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">..</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"! Lua loves ya!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">end</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greet</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Output: Hey there, LuaRocks! Lua loves ya!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Tables in lua act as arrays, dictionaries and objects all at once!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">local</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">band</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">leadSinger</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"John"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">drummer</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Paul"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">print</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">band</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">[</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"leadSinger"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">])</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Output: John</span>
</code></span></span>

动图

Rust：钢铁侠最喜欢的语言

Rust 在不影响性能的情况下提供安全性，就像钢铁侠的战衣一样。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Rust is a systems programming language with built-in safety checks.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It prevents common programming errors like null pointers or memory leaks.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">fn</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">main</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// println! is a macro (indicated by the exclamation mark) that prints to stdout.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">println!</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello safer world!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// You'll never forget a semicolon again!</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">42</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Variables are immutable by default, which helps prevent bugs!</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">mut</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">y</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Rustacean"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// But you can use `mut` to make them mutable if needed.</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">match</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Pattern matching in Rust is powerful and expressive!</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">..=</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">10</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">=></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">print!</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Small "</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">),</span>
        <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">_</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">=></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">print!</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Big "</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">),</span>      <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// The underscore (_) matches anything.</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">y</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"in action!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span> 
</code></span></span>

朱莉娅：智慧与速度之美

Julia 将 Ruby 的优雅与 C++ 的强大功能结合在一起——这就像吃蛋糕一样！

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Welcome to Julia, a high-performance language for technical computing</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span>(<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello my boys!"</span>)

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># You can do math like it's nobody's business</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">result</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span> (<span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">5</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span>) <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">/</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">7</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Don't forget the order of operations!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span>(<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">result</span>)

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Functions are your friends; they help break down complex tasks into simpler ones</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">function</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)"> greet</span>(<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span>)
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">return</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Howdy, </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">$(name)</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">!"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># String interpolation is as smooth as butter in Julia</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">end</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greeting</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greet</span>(<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Partner"</span>)
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span>(<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greeting</span>)

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Arrays store multiple elements so you don't have to juggle variables all day long</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">fruits</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> [<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"apple"</span>, <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"banana"</span>, <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"cherry"</span>]
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">push!</span>(<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">fruits</span>, <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"orange"</span>) <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Bang! The exclamation mark indicates that fruits has been modified in-place</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">for</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">fruit</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">in</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">fruits</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Loop through the array and enjoy each fruit one by one</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span>(<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Yum, I love </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">$(fruit)</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">s!"</span>)
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">end</span>

</code></span></span>

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TypeScript：JavaScript 的超级英雄改变自我

TypeScript 就像蜘蛛侠之于 JavaScript 的彼得·帕克——同一个人，但能力更强了。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Welcome to TypeScript! It's a superset of JavaScript that brings static typing.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// This means you can catch errors before runtime, which is pretty cool, right?</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">console</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">log</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Hello from your friendly neighborhood TypeScript!</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// You know what makes it more fun? Type annotations!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">myNumber</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">number</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">42</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">myString</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">string</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Life, the Universe and Everything</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// But wait... there's more! Meet interfaces - they help define object shapes.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">interface</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Superhero</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">string</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">power</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">string</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">const</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">batman</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Superhero</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Batman</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">power</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Rich</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">};</span>
</code></span></span>

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Shell 脚本：自动化所有事情！

Bash 和 PowerShell 就像开发人员的魔杖——只需挥动它们，就能完成任务！

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Bash is a Unix shell scripting language that allows you to automate tasks.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># It uses the # symbol for single-line comments, like this one.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">echo</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello, automated world!"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># echo command prints text on the screen</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">DATE</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">$(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">date</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">)</span>  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># You can assign output of a command to a variable using $()</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">echo</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Today's date is: </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$DATE</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">if</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">[[</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">$USER</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">==</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"root"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">]]</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">then</span>  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Conditional statements use double brackets [[ ]]</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">echo</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"You are root!"</span>           <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># And don't forget the semicolon ; before 'then'</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">else
  </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">echo</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hi there, regular user </span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">${</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">USER</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">}</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">."</span>   <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Use ${VAR} format to embed variables in strings</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">fi</span>   <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Close your if statement with 'fi', which is just 'if' spelled backwards (Bash fun!)</span>
</code></span></span>

Groovy：派对模式下的 Java

Groovy 为 Java 编程增添了一些乐趣。这就像周六晚上带 Java 出去跳舞一样。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Say hi to the groovy world!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Hello groovy people!'</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Groovy is like Java's chill cousin, who just wants to have a good time.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">def</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">partyAnimal</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Groovster'</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Let's party with ${partyAnimal}!"</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Dynamic typing? No problemo in Groovy land!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">def</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">coolNumber</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">42</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">coolNumber</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Now I am a string!'</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">coolNumber</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Closures are your new best friends. They're like mini-functions you can pass around.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">def</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greetSomeone</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">{</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">-></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hey $name, let's get groovy!"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">}</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greetSomeone</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Funky Fred'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/* JavaScript might be the life of the web dev party,
   but when it comes to scripting and automation, Groovy knows how to boogie down! */</span>
</code></span></span>

F#：函数式编程！

F# 为 .NET 带来了函数式编程，证明即使是 Microsoft 也可以拥有一点 Haskell 般的乐趣。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// F# is a functional-first language, promoting immutability and function composition.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greet</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">printfn</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello, %s!"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// It seamlessly integrates with the .NET ecosystem, making it great for web development.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">open</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">System</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">Net</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Http</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">httpClient</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">HttpClient</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Pattern matching is powerful in F#, allowing you to destructure data and handle cases elegantly.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">type</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Shape</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Circle</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">of</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">float</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">|</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Rectangle</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">of</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">float</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">float</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">let</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">area</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">shape</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">=</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">match</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">shape</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">with</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">|</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Circle</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">r</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">-></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">Math</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">PI</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">r</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">r</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// No parantheses needed when calling functions!</span>
    <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">|</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Rectangle</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">w</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">h</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">-></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">w</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">h</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// Using tuples for easy multi-value passing.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greet</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"functionally fabulous world!"</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">printfn</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Area of circle: %A"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">area</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Circle</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">4</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">))</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">printfn</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Area of rectangle: %A"</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">area</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">Rectangle</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">5</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">)))</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">// On your coding journey's deathbed, don't regret not trying out F# as an alternative to JavaScript or PHP!</span>
</code></span></span>

Elm：纯功能性网络冠军

Elm 就像一个用于功能性 Web 开发的禅宗花园——它平静、祥和，一切都在它的位置上。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Elm is a delightfully pure, functional language for front-end web development.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- It compiles down to JavaScript, so it plays nicely with other web technologies.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">import</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Html</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">exposing</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">text</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- Import the 'Html' module and expose the 'text' function</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">main</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- The main function serves as an entry point for our Elm application</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">text</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">Hello world from the land of purity!"</span> 
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">-- The 'text' function creates an HTML text node with the given content</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">{- Fun Fact: Elm's type system eliminates runtime errors,
   making your code more robust and easier to maintain. -}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">{- Another Fun Fact: Elm has its own package manager and architecture,
   which makes building complex applications a breeze! -}</span>
</code></span></span>

Elixir：并发的神奇药水

Elixir 为表带来了并发风格。这就像哈利波特开始学习编程而不是魔法一样。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Elixir is a functional, concurrent language built on the Erlang VM (BEAM)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># It's great for fault-tolerant systems and hot code swapping!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">IO</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">puts</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Expecto Patronum! I mean... Hello World!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Pattern matching is one of Elixir's superpowers!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">a</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">b</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">{</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">42</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"magic"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">}</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Immutability prevents side effects - no dark magic here.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">7</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># This will raise an error</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Anonymous functions with & syntax - just like wands without names!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">sum</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">&</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">&1</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">&2</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">result</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">sum</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">4</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># => result: 7</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)"># Pipe operator |> directs output to next function - wizard-level chaining!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"elixir"</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">|></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">String</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">upcase</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">()</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">|></span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">String</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">.</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">split</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">""</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
</code></span></span>

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Haskell：一种真正有效的惰性语言

Haskell 非常懒惰，它只在绝对必要时才工作。我们都可以从这种语言中学到一些东西。

{- Haskell is a functional programming language with strong, static typing.
   It's known for its lazy evaluation and love of mathematical purity. -}

import Data.Char (toLower) -- Let's import 'toLower' function from 'Data.Char'

main = putStrLn "Hello from the land of laziness!"

-- Here's a simple function to make strings lowercase using list comprehension.
lowercase :: String -> String
lowercase s = [toLower c | c <- s]

{- Fun fact: In Haskell, you can define infinite lists like this:
   primes = sieve [2..] where sieve (p:xs) = p : sieve [x | x <- xs, x `mod` p /= 0]
-}

Prolog：释放逻辑编程！

Prolog 让您以完全不同的方式思考编码。你准备好服用红色药丸了吗？

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Prolog, a logic programming language, is great for AI and symbolic reasoning.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% The syntax is unique - it's all about facts, rules & queries!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">hello_world</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">write</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Welcome to the Matrix!\n'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">).</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Define a rule: hello_world</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">?-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">hello_world</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span>  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Query (or call) the rule to print "Welcome to the Matrix!"</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Fun fact: Prolog uses Horn clauses; Facts start with lowercase and end with a period.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">likes</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">john</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">pizza</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">).</span>   <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Fact: John likes pizza</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Define rules using ":-" where left side is head & right side are conditions</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">hungry</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">X</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">:-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">likes</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">X</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">pizza</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">),</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">time</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">lunch</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">).</span>    <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Rule: X is hungry if X likes pizza during lunchtime</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">?-</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">hungry</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">john</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">).</span>     <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Query (or call) hungry/1 rule for john. Will return true or false.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">/*</span> Congrats! You've dipped your toes in Prolog. 
Now go conquer logic puzzles like Sherlock Holmes! <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">*/</span>
</code></span></span>

COBOL：还没有死！

COBOL 可能比您的祖父母还要古老，但它仍然运行着当今关键系统的很大一部分。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code>IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HelloWorld.

* COBOL dates back to 1959
* Its syntax is more verbose and "English-like" compared to other languages, making it easier for some folks to read.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SOURCE-COMPUTER. IBM-PC.
OBJECT-COMPUTER. IBM-PC.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    DISPLAY 'COBOL says hi from yesteryear!' UPON CONSOLE. * This line prints a message on the console
    PERFORM VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I > 5       *> Super fun loop time: iterate through numbers 1 to 5
        DISPLAY 'Iteration: ', I UPON CONSOLE      *> Print the current iteration number in each loop cycle
    END-PERFORM

    STOP RUN. * Gracefully stop the program after loops and laughs are done!
</code></span></span>

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MATLAB：矩阵大师

在矩阵运算的世界中，没有人能在比赛中击败 MATLAB。它就像《黑客帝国》中的 Neo，但它是为了数学。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% MATLAB is short for Matrix Laboratory and is all about matrix manipulation.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">disp</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Hello from the mathematical world!'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% You can do simple calculations just like a calculator, but way cooler!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">a</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">b</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">a</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">4</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Prepare to be mind-blown! Create a magic square - rows, columns & diagonals sum up to the same number.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">magic_square</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">magic</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Want some fun? Generate random numbers in MATLAB. Goodbye casino!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">random_number</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">randi</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">([</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">100</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">]);</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">% Plotting graphs has never been so easy! Let's plot y=sin(x) from x=0 to x=2*pi</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">linspace</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">0</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">*</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">pi</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">y</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">=</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">sin</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">plot</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">x</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">,</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">y</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">title</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Yeehaw! Look at that beautiful sine wave!'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span>
</code></span></span>

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帕斯卡：自 1970 年以来培养良好习惯

Pascal 就像那位严格的老师，他会让你写得工整并使用正确的标点符号——虽然烦人但很有必要。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">program</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">HelloWorld</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">;</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">(* Pascal is a highly structured, strongly typed language, great for teaching programming concepts *)</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">begin</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">(* The 'begin' keyword marks the start of a block in Pascal. It's like an opening brace in other languages *)</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">WriteLn</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Hello, disciplined world!'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">(* WriteLn is a built-in procedure to output text followed by a newline character *)</span>

  <span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">Writeln</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">'Any application that can be written in JavaScript will eventually be written in JavaScript.'</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">);</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">end</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">.</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">(* Every statement ends with a semicolon ';' and the 'end.' closes our program block. Notice the period! *)</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">{
   Now go explore more about this beautifully organized language!
   But remember, you might still end up needing to touch some JavaScript at some point ;)
}</span>
</code></span></span>

Clojure：具有现代风格的 Lisp

Clojure 为 JVM 带来了 Lisp 的强大功能，并为函数式编程提供了全新的视角。

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)"><code><span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">; Welcome to Clojure, a functional Lisp dialect that runs on the JVM!</span>
<span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">; It's all about immutability and simplicity. So let's dive in!</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-declaration-color)">defn</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">greet</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">[</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">]</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">; Defining a function called 'greet' with one parameter 'name'.</span>
  <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">str</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Hello, "</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">name</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"!"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">))</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">; Concatenating strings using the 'str' function.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">println</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-name-color)">greet</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-string-color)">"Clojurians"</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">))</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">; Calling our greet function and printing the result.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">map</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-error-color)">#</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">*</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">%</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">)</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">range</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">6</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">))</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">; Anonymous functions (#()) are cool! Here we're doubling numbers from 1 to 5.</span>

<span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">(</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">reduce</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">+</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">[</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">1</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">2</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-literal-color)">3</span><span style="color:var(--syntax-text-color)">])</span> <span style="color:var(--syntax-comment-color)">; Using higher-order functions like reduce for operations over collections.</span>
</code></span></span>

---

你有它！
通过充满笑话和模因的流行编程语言的演变狂野之旅。

现在出发吧，勇敢的编码员；用知识（和笑声）武装起来，一次一行代码征服编程语言的冰山！

请记住，如果您需要一些幽默或从编码中快速休息一下，只需跳上 Twitter 并关注我@johnrushx。

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