BIO、NIO、AIO的区别

        IO模型就是说用什么样的通道进行数据的发送和接收，首先要明确一点：IO是操作系统与其他网络进行数据交互，JDK底层并没有实现IO，而是对操作系统内核函数做的一个封装，IO代码进入底层其实都是native形式的。Java共支持3种网络编程IO模式：BIO，NIO，AIO。下文进行介绍

1. BIO

        BIO(Blocking IO) 又称同步阻塞IO，一个客户端由一个线程来进行处理，伪代码如下：

可以看到服务端的线程阻塞在两个地方

• 接受客户端请求的accept()函数
• 读取数据的read()函数

其中读取数据的read()函数需要经过内核态 - 用户态的切换，read()的阻塞主要发生在

1. 数据从网卡拷贝到内核态
2. 数据从内核态拷贝到用户态
   

        这就是传统的阻塞IO，如果客户端一直占用连接不发送数据，那么服务端将一直阻塞在read()函数上，无法接受其他客户端请求！为了解决这种阻塞，可以每次都创建一个新的进程或线程，去调用 read 函数，这样采用多线程的方式就不用阻塞在原客户端的 read 请求上。

        不过，这不叫非阻塞 IO，只不过用了多线程的手段使得主线程没有卡在 read 函数上不往下走罢了。操作系统为我们提供的 read 函数仍然是阻塞的。所以真正的非阻塞 IO，不能是通过我们用户层的小把戏，而是要恳请操作系统为我们提供一个非阻塞的 read 函数。

BIO代码示例

public class SocketServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //创建socket连接，端口为9000
        ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
        while (true) {
            System.out.println("等待连接。。");
            //阻塞方法
            Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
            System.out.println("有客户端连接了。。");
        <span class="token comment">//单线程连接，性能不好，下面开启多线程</span>
        <span class="token comment">//handler(clientSocket);</span>

        <span class="token comment">//开启多线程</span>
        <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Runnable</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span>
            <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                    <span class="token function">handler</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>clientSocket<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                    e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">handler</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Socket</span> clientSocket<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">IOException</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> bytes <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"准备read。。"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">//接收客户端的数据，阻塞方法，没有数据可读时就阻塞</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> read <span class="token operator">=</span> clientSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"read完毕。。"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>read <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"接收到客户端的数据："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> read<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    clientSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"HelloClient"</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    clientSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">flush</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

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上边是BIO连接的示例代码，启动后可以通过telnet与 localhost 9000 建立连接，并发送字符串信息123，测试结果如下：


测试成功，但BIO现在已经用的不多了，因为它在大并发下有几个致命的缺点：

1. 如果BIO使用单线程接受连接，则会阻塞其他连接，效率较低。
2. 如果使用多线程虽然减弱了单线程带来的影响，但当有大并发进来时，会导致服务器线程太多，压力太大而崩溃。
3. 就算使用线程池，也只能同时允许有限个数的线程进行连接，如果并发量远大于线程池设置的数量，还是与单线程无异
4. 操作系统里read函数操作是阻塞操作，如果连接不做数据读写操作会导致线程阻塞，就是说只占用连接，不发送数据，则会浪费资源。比如线程池中500个连接，只有100个是频繁读写的连接，其他占着茅坑不拉屎，浪费资源！
5. 另外多线程也会有线程切换带来的消耗

综上所述，BIO方式已经不适用于如下的大并发场景，仅适用于连接数目比较小且固定的架构。这种方式对服务器资源要求比较高，但BIO程序简单易理解。

2. NIO

        

2.1 操作系统的非阻塞read函数

        上边说到，用户层无论是否采用多线程，操作系统的read函数本质上还是阻塞的，需要从操作系统层面找到一个非阻塞的 read 函数。操作系统提供了这样的功能，只需要在调用 read 前，将文件描述符设置为非阻塞即可（serverSocket.configureBlocking(false);）。

        这个 read 函数的效果是，如果没有数据到达时（到达网卡并拷贝到了内核缓冲区），立刻返回一个错误值（-1），而不是阻塞地等待。这样，就需要用户线程循环调用 read，直到返回值不为 -1，再开始处理业务。流程如下：

注意：

• 数据还未到达网卡，或者到达网卡但还没有拷贝到内核缓冲区之前，这个阶段是非阻塞的。
• 当数据已到达内核缓冲区，此时调用 read 函数仍然是阻塞的，需要等待数据从内核缓冲区拷贝到用户缓冲区，才能返回。

整体流程如下图

2.2 NIO 多路复用

        操作系统的read函数解决了读数据时，数据在 网卡 - 内核态 的阻塞问题。但面临多个客户端连接时，如果为每个客户端创建一个线程，服务器端的线程资源还是很容易被耗光。

        面对这种问题，有个聪明的办法就是可以每 accept 一个客户端连接后，将这个文件描述符（connfd）放到一个数组里。然后弄一个新的线程去不断遍历这个数组，调用每一个元素的非阻塞 read 方法，这样，我们就成功用一个线程处理了多个客户端连接。

        但这种做法看起来像多路复用(多个连接都用一个线程处理了嘛)，其实不然，这种遍历方式也只是我们用户自己想出的小把戏，每次遍历遇到 read 返回 -1 时仍然是一次浪费资源的系统调用（用户态 - 内核态）。真正的多路复用其实是 把一批文件描述符的集合通过一次系统调用传给内核，只在内核态去遍历，用户态仅处理内核态的遍历结果，这样就减少了 用户态- 内核态的请求次数，从根本上解决了这个问题

        NIO的多路复用底层主要用的是Linux 内核函数（select，poll，epoll）来实现的。windows不支持epoll实现，windows底层是基于winsock2的select函数实现的(不开源)。三种内核模型的区别如下所示！

	select	poll	epoll(jdk 1.5及以上)
操作方式	遍历	遍历	回调
底层实现数组	数组	链表	哈希表
IO效率	每次调用都进行线性遍历，时间复杂度为O(n)	每次调用都进行线性遍历，时间复杂度为O(n)	事件通知方式，每当有IO事件就绪，系统注册的回调函数就会被调用，时间复杂度O(1)
最大连接	有上限（1024个）	无上限	无上限

NIO 有三大核心组件：

1. Buffer(缓冲区)：buffer 底层就是个数组
2. Channel(通道)：channel 类似于流，每个 channel 对应一个 buffer缓冲区
3. Selector(多路复用器)：channel 会注册到 selector 上，由 selector 根据 channel 读写事件的发生将其交由某个空闲的线程处理

注意：NIO 的 Buffer 和 channel 都是既可以读也可以写，NIO的多路复用示意图如下：

应用场景：

• NIO方式适用于连接数目多且连接比较短（轻操作） 的架构， 比如聊天服务器， 弹幕系统， 服务器间通讯，编程比较复杂

2.3 select模型

        select 是操作系统提供的系统调用函数，通过它，我们可以把一个文件描述符的数组发给操作系统， 让操作系统去遍历，确定哪个文件描述符可以读写， 然后告诉我们去处理

        select每次都会轮询所有的sockchannel看下哪个channel有读写事件，有的话就处理，没有就继续遍历，select和poll模型作为NIO的早期实现，存在一定弊端。下面是一段代码，简单表述一下他们的弊端！

第一个版本：NIO的早期版本模拟代码实现（select）

public class NioServer {
<span class="token comment">// 保存客户端连接</span>
<span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token class-name">List</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">SocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> channelList <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ArrayList</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">IOException</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

    <span class="token comment">// 创建NIO ServerSocketChannel,与BIO的serverSocket类似</span>
    <span class="token class-name">ServerSocketChannel</span> serverSocket <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">ServerSocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    serverSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">socket</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">bind</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">InetSocketAddress</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">9000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    
    <span class="token comment">// 设置ServerSocketChannel为非阻塞, 配置为true，则和BIO类似</span>
    serverSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">configureBlocking</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"服务启动成功"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token comment">// 非阻塞模式accept方法不会阻塞，否则会阻塞</span>
        <span class="token comment">// NIO的非阻塞是由操作系统内部实现的，底层调用了linux内核的accept函数</span>
        <span class="token class-name">SocketChannel</span> socketChannel <span class="token operator">=</span> serverSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        
        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>socketChannel <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token keyword">null</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token comment">// 如果有客户端进行连接</span>
            <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"连接成功"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token comment">// 设置SocketChannel为非阻塞</span>
            socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">configureBlocking</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token comment">// 保存客户端连接在List中</span>
            channelList<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        
        <span class="token comment">// 遍历连接进行数据读取</span>
        <span class="token class-name">Iterator</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">SocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> iterator <span class="token operator">=</span> channelList<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">iterator</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        
        <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>iterator<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">hasNext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            <span class="token class-name">SocketChannel</span> sc <span class="token operator">=</span> iterator<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">next</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span> byteBuffer <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">allocate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">128</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token comment">// 非阻塞模式read方法不会阻塞，否则会阻塞</span>
            <span class="token keyword">int</span> len <span class="token operator">=</span> sc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>byteBuffer<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token comment">// 如果有数据，把数据打印出来</span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>len <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"接收到消息："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>byteBuffer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">array</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>len <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token comment">// 如果客户端断开，把socket从集合中去掉</span>
                iterator<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">remove</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"客户端断开连接"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

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从上述代码可以看到，NIO使用一个mian线程 + 一个数组 解决了BIO的痛点。具体解决方式如下

1. 首先设置服务端连接的阻塞方式为false，代表非阻塞方式
2. 非阻塞式接受客户端连接，意味着这段代码一直在轮询的跑，不会阻塞。
3. 如果有客户端连接进来，就把这个连接放入list集合中
4. 后续遍历list集合，使用内核非阻塞式读取数据（read函数）
5. 读取完成再次轮询跑代码

测试如下：

        这种方式虽然解决了BIO的部分痛点，但并不是很完美。因为select模型的底层实现、io效率、最大连接数在面对高并发时还存在一定弊端！

1. select 调用需要传入客户端连接的数组，需要拷贝一份到内核，高并发场景下这样的拷贝消耗的资源是惊人的。（epoll模型可优化为不复制）
2. select 在内核层仍然是通过遍历的方式检查文件描述符的就绪状态，是个同步过程，只不过无系统调用切换上下文的开销。（epoll模型内核层可优化为异步事件通知）
3. select 仅仅返回可读文件描述符的个数，具体哪个可读还是要用户自己遍历。（epoll模型可优化为只返回给用户就绪的文件描述符，无需用户做无效的遍历）

2.4 poll模型

        poll 也是操作系统提供的系统调用函数。它和 select 的主要区别就是，去掉了 select 只能监听 1024 个文件描述符的限制。

2.5 epoll模型

JDK1.5开始引入了epoll基于事件响应机制来优化NIO。epoll 主要就是针对select模型的三点弊端进行了改进：

1. 内核中保存一份文件描述符集合，无需用户每次都重新传入，只需告诉内核修改的部分即可。
2. 内核不再通过轮询的方式找到就绪的文件描述符，而是通过异步 IO 事件唤醒。基于事件响应的，类似于观察者模式！
3. 内核仅会将有 IO 事件的文件描述符返回给用户，用户也无需遍历整个文件描述符集合。

具体，操作系统提供了这三个函数。

• 第一步，创建一个 epoll 句柄

  	int epoll_create(int size);
  
     
     
  
     
     
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• 第二步，向内核添加、修改或删除要监控的文件描述符。

  	int epoll_ctl(
  	int epfd, int op, int fd, struct epoll_event *event);
  
     
     
  
     
     
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• 第三步，类似发起了 select() 调用

  	int epoll_wait(
  	int epfd, struct epoll_event *events, int max events, int timeout);
  
     
     
  
     
     
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内部原理如下：

NIO第二个版本：使用epoll模型后的代码示例

public class NioSelectorServer {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">IOException</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

    <span class="token comment">// 创建NIO ServerSocketChannel</span>
    <span class="token class-name">ServerSocketChannel</span> serverSocket <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">ServerSocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    serverSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">socket</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">bind</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">InetSocketAddress</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">9000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 设置ServerSocketChannel为非阻塞</span>
    serverSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">configureBlocking</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 打开Selector处理Channel，即创建epoll</span>
    <span class="token class-name">Selector</span> selector <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">Selector</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 把ServerSocketChannel注册到selector上，并且selector对客户端accept连接操作感兴趣</span>
    serverSocket<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">register</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>selector<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">SelectionKey</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>OP_ACCEPT<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"服务启动成功"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token comment">// 阻塞等待需要处理的事件发生</span>
        selector<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">select</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

        <span class="token comment">// 获取selector中注册的全部事件的 SelectionKey 实例</span>
        <span class="token class-name">Set</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">SelectionKey</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> selectionKeys <span class="token operator">=</span> selector<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">selectedKeys</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token class-name">Iterator</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">SelectionKey</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> iterator <span class="token operator">=</span> selectionKeys<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">iterator</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

        <span class="token comment">// 遍历SelectionKey对事件进行处理</span>
        <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>iterator<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">hasNext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            <span class="token class-name">SelectionKey</span> key <span class="token operator">=</span> iterator<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">next</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token comment">// 如果是OP_ACCEPT事件，则进行连接获取和事件注册</span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>key<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">isAcceptable</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                <span class="token class-name">ServerSocketChannel</span> server <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">ServerSocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> key<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">channel</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token class-name">SocketChannel</span> socketChannel <span class="token operator">=</span> server<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">configureBlocking</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token comment">// 这里只注册了读事件，如果需要给客户端发送数据可以注册写事件</span>
                socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">register</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>selector<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">SelectionKey</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>OP_READ<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"客户端连接成功"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>key<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">isReadable</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>  <span class="token comment">// 如果是OP_READ事件，则进行读取和打印</span>
                <span class="token class-name">SocketChannel</span> socketChannel <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">SocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> key<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">channel</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span> byteBuffer <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">allocate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">128</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token keyword">int</span> len <span class="token operator">=</span> socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>byteBuffer<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token comment">// 如果有数据，把数据打印出来</span>
                <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>len <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                    <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"接收到消息："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>byteBuffer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">array</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>len <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token comment">// 如果客户端断开连接，关闭Socket</span>
                    <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"客户端断开连接"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                    socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
            <span class="token comment">//从事件集合里删除本次处理的key，防止下次select重复处理</span>
            iterator<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">remove</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

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        在使用epoll模型之后，对简单版本的NIO做了优化处理，可以理解为在第一个版本的NIO上，又增加了一个就绪事件列表集合，这个集合中存放着有事件响应的连接，然后开启一个线程去监听这个集合，有元素的话就进行处理。

总结：

• 一切的开始，都起源于这个 read 函数是操作系统提供的，而且是阻塞的，我们叫它 阻塞 IO。为了破这个局，程序员在用户态通过多线程来防止主线程卡死。
• 后来操作系统发现这个需求比较大，于是在操作系统层面提供了非阻塞的 read 函数，这样程序员就可以在用户态用一个线程内通过while遍历，完成多个文件描述符的读取（如果read函数未就绪直接返回-1），这就是 非阻塞 IO。
• 但多个文件描述符的读取就需要遍历，当高并发场景越来越多时，用户态遍历的文件描述符也越来越多，相当于在 while 循环里进行了越来越多的系统调用。后来操作系统又发现这个场景需求量较大，于是又在操作系统层面提供了这样的遍历文件描述符的机制，这就是 IO 多路复用。
• 多路复用快的原因在于：把遍历操作强加到内核中，使得原来的 while 循环里多次系统调用，变成了一次系统调用 + 内核层遍历这些文件描述符。
• 多路复用有三个函数，最开始是 select，然后又发明了 poll 解决了 select 文件描述符的限制，然后又发明了 epoll 解决 select 的三个不足。

2.6 深入hotpost源码分析epoll模型

        NIO第二个版本的代码中，与简单版本最主要的代码区别在以下三行代码

// 1. 打开Selector处理Channel，即创建epoll ，创建多路复用器
Selector selector = Selector.open();

// 2. 把ServerSocketChannel链接注册到selector多路复用器上，并且selector对客户端accept连接操作感兴趣
serverSocket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

// 3. 阻塞等待需要处理的事件发生
selector.select();

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这三行代码内部是优化的核心，下面一一介绍！

2.3.1. Selector selector = Selector.open();

    public static Selector open() throws IOException {
        return SelectorProvider.provider().openSelector();
    }

= SelectorProvider.provider() ===

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token class-name">SelectorProvider</span> <span class="token function">provider</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">synchronized</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>lock<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>provider <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token keyword">null</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
            <span class="token keyword">return</span> provider<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token class-name">AccessController</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">doPrivileged</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>
            <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">PrivilegedAction</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">SelectorProvider</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">SelectorProvider</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">loadProviderFromProperty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                            <span class="token keyword">return</span> provider<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">loadProviderAsService</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                            <span class="token keyword">return</span> provider<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        <span class="token comment">// 我们在Windows环境下，默认创建的是WindowsSelectorProvider，如下所示</span>
                        provider <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name"><span class="token namespace">sun<span class="token punctuation">.</span>nio<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ch<span class="token punctuation">.</span></span>DefaultSelectorProvider</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">create</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        <span class="token keyword">return</span> provider<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

= 默认创建的是WindowsSelectorProvider =
public static SelectorProvider create() {
return new WindowsSelectorProvider();
}

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        进入open方法源码中，可以看到创建的是WindowsSelectorProvider，而项目发布一般都是在linux上，所以需要进入hotport源码中看一下Linux平台的实现。这中现象也是JVM的跨平台性的体现。进入hotpost源码发现如果是linux环境，则创建EpollSelectorProvider。也发现Linux上实现是基于Epoll模型！
所以 SelectorProvider.provider().openSelector() 其实是EpollSelectorProvider.openSelector(),代码如下所示！

可以看到 EPollSelectorImpl 是具体的实现，那么在EPollSelectorImpl实例化时做了什么事情呢？

        在这个 EPollArray 包装类中调用了一个 epoll_create 的本地方法，创建了一个epoll对象，并返回一个非负数作为文件描述符，用于对epoll接口的所有后续调用。这个方法属于linux操作系统内核中的方法。至此Selector.open()方法解释完毕，总的来说就是创建了一个linux内核层面的Epoll对象！

2.3.2. serverSocket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT)

查看这个方法的源码，同样要使用LInux下的平台中的EpollSelectorProvider的register方法，核心代码如下：

这个方法是把当前连接注册到第一步EPollSelectorImpl实例化时生成的EPollArray的集合中，此时并没有事件驱动。直到 selector.select()方法调用linux内核函数epoll_ctl

2.3.3. selector.select()

这个select方法内部会调用doselect()方法，这个方法同样要使用LInux下的平台中的EpollSelectorProvider

在这个poll方法中，分别调用了Linux核心函数 epoll_ctl 和 epoll_wait，下面分别解释其含义

1. epoll_ctl： 负责真正去关联socketChannel 和 epoll实例(selector)的关系。如果客户端连接（socketChannel）有发送事件，就会把存在于EPollArray中的这个连接放入epoll实例中的就绪事件列表(rdlist)中去。
   其中这个放入就绪事件列表的操作是怎么做的呢？
   放入操作并非是java去做，每当服务端收到客户端的连接，且该链接有响应事件时，就是使用操作系统的硬中断功能把该连接放入就绪事件列表中去。后续遍历就绪事件列表中的元素即可，减少了无效遍历。
2. epoll_wait：监听就绪事件列表中的元素，如果没有数据则阻塞。如果有数据，则把数据放入selectedKeys中，供java代码获取元素，响应事件！

2.7 NIO与redis

        Redis就是典型的基于epoll的NIO线程模型(nginx也是)，epoll实例收集所有事件(连接与读写事件)，把有数据交互的连接放入就绪事件列表中，由一个服务端线程连续处理所有就绪事件列表中的命令。

在ae_epoll.c源码中也发现有 epoll_create、epoll_ctl 和 epoll_wait，原理与上文讲的类似

问题一：为什么 redis 不建议用 bigkey？

        bigkey的big体现在单个value值很大，一般认为超过10KB就是bigkey。由于redis底层用的是NIO，多路复用一个线程，如果存在bigkey的话，这个bigkey就会占用这个线程较大的时间，导致其他连接的数据交互阻塞，所以不建议使用bigkey。注意：这里说的阻塞并不是 异步非阻塞的阻塞。

3. AIO

        AIO自JDK1.7以后才开始支持，是异步非阻塞的，客户端与服务端的连接(accept)、数据读写(read、write)不再由main线程去执行，而是开辟一个回调函数，当客户端与服务端建立连接时，把这个客户端的连接传入回调函数中，由服务端启动一个子线程去处理，这就完成了异步操作！适用于连接数较多且连接时间较长的应用。

AIO与BIO、NIO的不同之处在于：

1. AIO是 异步非阻塞模型
2. NIO是 同步非阻塞模型
3. BIO是 同步阻塞模型

AIO代码示例

public class AIOServer {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">Exception</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token comment">//创建服务端</span>
    <span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token class-name">AsynchronousServerSocketChannel</span> serverChannel <span class="token operator">=</span>
            <span class="token class-name">AsynchronousServerSocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">bind</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">InetSocketAddress</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">9000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">//使用CompletionHandler异步处理客户端连接</span>
    serverChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">null</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">CompletionHandler</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">AsynchronousSocketChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">Object</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span>
        <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">completed</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">AsynchronousSocketChannel</span> socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">Object</span> attachment<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"2--"</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                
                <span class="token comment">// 在此接收客户端连接，如果不写这行代码后面的客户端连接连不上服务端</span>
                serverChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>attachment<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getRemoteAddress</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span> buffer <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">allocate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                
                <span class="token comment">//使用CompletionHandler异步读取数据</span>
                socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buffer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> buffer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">CompletionHandler</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">Integer</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                    <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span>
                    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">completed</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Integer</span> result<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span> buffer<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                        <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"3--"</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        buffer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">flip</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buffer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">array</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> result<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        socketChannel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">wrap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"HelloClient"</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

                    <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span>
                    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">failed</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Throwable</span> exc<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">ByteBuffer</span> buffer<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                        exc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

        <span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span>
        <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">failed</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Throwable</span> exc<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">Object</span> attachment<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            exc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"1--"</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Integer</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>MAX_VALUE<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

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AIO作为异步非阻塞模型，理论上来说应该被广泛使用，但大多数公司并没有使用AIO，而是使用了netty，为什么？

1. 首先AIO得底层实现仍使用Epoll，并没有很好的实现异步，在性能上对比NIO没有太大优势
2. 其次AIO的代码逻辑比较复杂，且Linux上AIO还不够成熟
3. Netty在NIO上做了很多异步的封装，是异步非阻塞框架

4. BIO、NIO、AIO的对比

一个关于同步异步与阻塞非阻塞的段子:

老张爱喝茶，废话不说，煮开水。
出场人物：老张，水壶两把（普通水壶，简称水壶；会响的水壶，简称响水壶）。

1. 老张把水壶放到火上，立等水开。（同步阻塞） 老张觉得自己有点傻
2. 老张把水壶放到火上，去客厅看电视，时不时去厨房看看水开没有。（同步非阻塞） 老张还是觉得自己有点傻，于是变高端了，买了把会响笛的那种水壶。水开之后，能大声发出嘀~~~~的噪音。
3. 老张把响水壶放到火上，立等水开。（异步阻塞）老张觉得这样傻等意义不大
4. 老张把响水壶放到火上，去客厅看电视，水壶响之前不再去看它了，响了再去拿壶。（异步非阻塞）老张觉得自己聪明了。

所谓同步异步，只是对于水壶而言。

1. 普通水壶，同步
2. 响水壶，异步。
3. 虽然都能干活，但响水壶可以在自己完工之后，提示老张水开了。这是普通水壶所不能及的。
   同步只能让调用者去轮询自己（情况2中），造成老张效率的低下。

所谓阻塞非阻塞，仅仅对于老张而言。

1. 立等的老张，阻塞
2. 看电视的老张，非阻塞。