视图定义:
— —视图是一种虚表。
— —视图建立在已有表的基础上, 视图赖以建立的这些表称为基表。— —向视图提供数据内容的语句为 SELECT 语句, 可以将视图理解为存储起来的 SELECT 语句.
— —视图向用户提供基表数据的另一种表现形式
为什么使用视图?
— —控制数据访问
— —简化查询
— —避免重复访问相同的数据
创建视图:在 CREATE VIEW 语句中嵌入子查询,子查询可以是复杂的 SELECT 语句
<span style="font-size:14px;">create or replace view empview
as
select employee_id emp_id,last_name name,department_name
from employees e,departments d
Where e.department_id = d.department_id</span>
创建视图时在子查询中给列定义别名:在选择视图中的列时应使用别名
<span style="font-size:14px;">CREATE VIEW salvu50
AS
SELECT employee_id ID_NUMBER,
last_name NAME,
salary*12 ANN_SALARY
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;
View created.</span>
查询视图:SELECT * FROM salvu50;
修改视图:使用CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW 子句修改视图
<span style="font-size:14px;">CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW empvu80
(id_number, name, sal, department_id)
AS SELECT employee_id, first_name || ' ' || last_name,
salary, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;
View created.</span>
CREATE VIEW 子句中各列的别名应和子查询中各列相对应创建复杂视图举例:
<span style="font-size:14px;">CREATE VIEW dept_sum_vu
(name, minsal, maxsal, avgsal)
AS SELECT d.department_name, MIN(e.salary),
MAX(e.salary),AVG(e.salary)
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_name;
View created.</span>
视图中使用DML的规定:
可以在简单视图中执行 DML 操作
当视图定义中包含以下元素之一时不能使用delete:
— —组函数
— —GROUP BY 子句
— —DISTINCT 关键字
— —ROWNUM 伪列
当视图定义中包含以下元素之一时不能使insert:
— —组函数
— —GROUP BY 子句
— —DISTINCT 关键字
— —ROWNUM 伪列
— —列的定义为表达式
— —表中非空的列在视图定义中未包括
屏蔽 DML 操作:
可以使用 WITH READ ONLY 选项屏蔽对视图的DML 操作
任何 DML 操作都会返回一个Oracle server 错误
<span style="font-size:14px;">CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW empvu10
(employee_number, employee_name, job_title)
AS SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 10
WITH READ ONLY;
View created.</span>
删除视图:删除视图只是删除视图的定义,并不会删除基表的数据
<span style="font-size:14px;">DROP VIEW empvu80;
View dropped.</span>
Top-N 分析:
查询最大的几个值的 Top-N 分析:
<span style="font-size:14px;">SELECT [column_list], ROWNUM
FROM (SELECT [column_list]
FROM table
ORDER BY Top-N_column)
WHERE ROWNUM <= N;</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;">SELECT [column_list], ROWNUM
FROM (SELECT [column_list]
FROM table
ORDER BY Top-N_column)
WHERE ROWNUM <= N;</span>
注意: 对 ROWNUM 只能使用 < 或 <=, 而用 =, >, >= 都将不能返回任何数据。
<span style="font-size:14px;">select *
from(
select rownum rn,employee_id,salary
from(
select employee_id,salary,last_name
from employees
order by salary desc
)
)where rn <=50 and rn >40</span>