关于consistent hashing算法

        关于consistent hashing算法，简单的说就是由于crc32的散列算法值再0~2^32次方内，所以将其映射到圆上，之后将各节点（memcache缓存中可将其认为服务器的id值）加上圆内，之后所存储的值将其crc32的值映射到圆上对于的节点。

       下面先给出consistent hashing算法的PHP实现方式（网上源码,只做了稍许改动)

      

<?php
/**
* Flexihash - A simple consistent hashing implementation for PHP.
*
* The MIT License
*
* Copyright (c) 2008 Paul Annesley
*
/**
* A simple consistent hashing implementation with pluggable hash algorithms.
*
* @author Paul Annesley
* @package Flexihash
* @licence http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
*/
class Flexihash {

    /**
    * The number of positions to hash each target to.
    *
    * @var int
    * @comment 虚拟节点数,解决节点分布不均的问题
    */
    private $_replicas = 64;

    /**
    * The hash algorithm, encapsulated in a Flexihash_Hasher implementation.
    * @var object Flexihash_Hasher
    * @comment 使用的hash方法 : md5,crc32
    */
    private $_hasher;

    /**
    * Internal counter for current number of targets.
    * @var int
    * @comment 节点记数器
    */
    private $_targetCount = 0;

    /**
    * Internal map of positions (hash outputs) to targets
    * @var array { position => target, ... }
    * @comment 位置对应节点,用于lookup中根据位置确定要访问的节点
    */
    private $_positionToTarget = array();

    /**
    * Internal map of targets to lists of positions that target is hashed to.
    * @var array { target => [ position, position, ... ], ... }
    * @comment 节点对应位置,用于删除节点
    */
    private $_targetToPositions = array();

    /**
    * Whether the internal map of positions to targets is already sorted.
    * @var boolean
    * @comment 是否已排序
    */
    private $_positionToTargetSorted = false;

    /**
    * Constructor
    * @param object $hasher Flexihash_Hasher
    * @param int $replicas Amount of positions to hash each target to.
    * @comment 构造函数,确定要使用的hash方法和需拟节点数,虚拟节点数越多,分布越均匀,但程序的分布式运算越慢
    */
    public function __construct(Flexihash_Hasher $hasher = null, $replicas = null) {
        $this->_hasher = $hasher ? $hasher : new Flexihash_Crc32Hasher();
        if (!emptyempty($replicas)) {
            $this->_replicas = $replicas;
        }
    }

    /**
    * Add a target.
    * @param string $target
    * @chainable
    * @comment 添加节点,根据虚拟节点数,将节点分布到多个虚拟位置上
    */
    public function addTarget($target) {
        if (isset($this->_targetToPositions[$target])) {
            throw new Flexihash_Exception("Target '$target' already exists.");
        }

        $this->_targetToPositions[$target] = array();

        // hash the target into multiple positions
        for ($i = 0; $i < $this->_replicas; $i++) {
            $position = $this->_hasher->hash($target . $i);
            $this->_positionToTarget[$position] = $target; // lookup
            $this->_targetToPositions[$target] []= $position; // target removal
        }

        $this->_positionToTargetSorted = false;
        $this->_targetCount++;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
    * Add a list of targets.
    * @param array $targets
    * @chainable
    */
    public function addTargets($targets) {
        foreach ($targets as $target) {
            $this->addTarget($target);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
    * Remove a target.
    * @param string $target
    * @chainable
    */
    public function removeTarget($target) {
        if (!isset($this->_targetToPositions[$target])) {
            throw new Flexihash_Exception("Target '$target' does not exist.");
        }

        foreach ($this->_targetToPositions[$target] as $position) {
            unset($this->_positionToTarget[$position]);
        }

        unset($this->_targetToPositions[$target]);

        $this->_targetCount--;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
    * A list of all potential targets
    * @return array
    */
    public function getAllTargets() {
        return array_keys($this->_targetToPositions);
    }

    /**
    * Looks up the target for the given resource.
    * @param string $resource
    * @return string
    */
    public function lookup($resource) {
        $targets = $this->lookupList($resource, 1);
        if (emptyempty($targets)) {
            throw new Flexihash_Exception('No targets exist');
        }
        return $targets[0];
    }

    /**
    * Get a list of targets for the resource, in order of precedence.
    * Up to $requestedCount targets are returned, less if there are fewer in total.
    *
    * @param string $resource
    * @param int $requestedCount The length of the list to return
    * @return array List of targets
    * @comment 查找当前的资源对应的节点,
    *          节点为空则返回空,节点只有一个则返回该节点,
    *          对当前资源进行hash,对所有的位置进行排序,在有序的位置列上寻找当前资源的位置
    *          当全部没有找到的时候,将资源的位置确定为有序位置的第一个(形成一个环)
    *          返回所找到的节点
    */
    public function lookupList($resource, $requestedCount) {
        if (!$requestedCount) {
            throw new Flexihash_Exception('Invalid count requested');
        }

        // handle no targets
        if (emptyempty($this->_positionToTarget)) {
            return array();
        }

        // optimize single target
        if ($this->_targetCount == 1) {
            return array_unique(array_values($this->_positionToTarget));
        }

        // hash resource to a position
        $resourcePosition = $this->_hasher->hash($resource);

        $results = array();
        $collect = false;

        $this->_sortPositionTargets();

        // search values above the resourcePosition
        foreach ($this->_positionToTarget as $key => $value) {
            // start collecting targets after passing resource position
            if (!$collect && $key > $resourcePosition) {
                $collect = true;
            }

            // only collect the first instance of any target
            if ($collect && !in_array($value, $results)) {
                $results []= $value;
            }

            // return when enough results, or list exhausted
            if (count($results) == $requestedCount || count($results) == $this->_targetCount) {
                return $results;
            }
        }

        // loop to start - search values below the resourcePosition
        foreach ($this->_positionToTarget as $key => $value) {
            if (!in_array($value, $results)) {
                $results []= $value;
            }

            // return when enough results, or list exhausted
            if (count($results) == $requestedCount || count($results) == $this->_targetCount) {
                return $results;
            }
        }

        // return results after iterating through both "parts"
        return $results;
    }

    public function __toString() {
        return sprintf(
            '%s{targets:[%s]}',
            get_class($this),
            implode(',', $this->getAllTargets())
        );
    }

    // ----------------------------------------
    // private methods

    /**
    * Sorts the internal mapping (positions to targets) by position
    */
    private function _sortPositionTargets() {
        // sort by key (position) if not already
        if (!$this->_positionToTargetSorted) {
            ksort($this->_positionToTarget, SORT_REGULAR);
            $this->_positionToTargetSorted = true;
        }
    }

}

/**
* Hashes given values into a sortable fixed size address space.
*
* @author Paul Annesley
* @package Flexihash
* @licence http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
*/
interface Flexihash_Hasher {

    /**
    * Hashes the given string into a 32bit address space.
    *
    * Note that the output may be more than 32bits of raw data, for example
    * hexidecimal characters representing a 32bit value.
    *
    * The data must have 0xFFFFFFFF possible values, and be sortable by
    * PHP sort functions using SORT_REGULAR.
    *
    * @param string
    * @return mixed A sortable format with 0xFFFFFFFF possible values
    */
    public function hash($string);

}


/**
* Uses CRC32 to hash a value into a signed 32bit int address space.
* Under 32bit PHP this (safely) overflows into negatives ints.
*
* @author Paul Annesley
* @package Flexihash
* @licence http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
*/
class Flexihash_Crc32Hasher
    implements Flexihash_Hasher {

    /* (non-phpdoc)
    * @see Flexihash_Hasher::hash()
    */
    public function hash($string) {
        return crc32($string);
    }

}


/**
* Uses CRC32 to hash a value into a 32bit binary string data address space.
*
* @author Paul Annesley
* @package Flexihash
* @licence http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
*/
class Flexihash_Md5Hasher
    implements Flexihash_Hasher {

    /* (non-phpdoc)
    * @see Flexihash_Hasher::hash()
    */
    public function hash($string) {
        return substr(md5($string), 0, 8); // 8 hexits = 32bit

        // 4 bytes of binary md5 data could also be used, but
        // performance seems to be the same.
    }

}


/**
* An exception thrown by Flexihash.
*
* @author Paul Annesley
* @package Flexihash
* @licence http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
*/
class Flexihash_Exception extends Exception {
}