03-选择

于 2020-09-28 13:22:56 发布
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分类专栏： Java 文章标签： java 编程语言 switch
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jxh1025_/article/details/108816503
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03-选择

  • 3.1 引言

    • 程序可以基于条件决定执行哪些语句。

  • 3.2 boolean数据类型

    • boolean数据类型声明一个具有true或者flase的变量。
    • 相等的关系操作符是两个等号（==），而不是一个等号（=），比较的结果是一个布尔值：true或flase。true和flase都是字面值，他们被当做保留字一样，不能用作程序的标识符.
    操作符名称
    <小于
    <=小于等于
    >大于
    >=大于等于
    ==等于
    !=不等于

  • 3.3 if语句

    • if语句是一个构造，允许程序确定执行的可选路径。

    • Java中有几种类型的选择语句：单分支if语句、双分支if-else语句、嵌套if语句、多分支if-else语句、switch语句和条件操作符。

    • 单分支if语句是指当且仅当条件为true是执行的一个动作。单分支if语句的语法是：

      if(布尔表达式){
语句（组）;
}

      在这里插入图片描述

    • 示例：

      • 提示用户输入一个整数。如果该数字是5的倍数，打印HiFive。如果该数字能被2整除，打印HiEven。

        package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SimpleIfDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
        int number = input.nextInt();

        if (number % 5 ==0)
            System.out.println("HiFive");

        if (number % 2 ==0)
            System.out.println("HiEven");
    }
}

  • 3.4 双分支 if-else 语句

    • if-else语句根据条件是真或者是假，决定执行的路径。下面是双分支if-else语句的语法：

      if(布尔表达式){
布尔表达式为真时执行的语句（组）；
}
else{
布尔表达式为假时执行的语句（组）；
}

      在这里插入图片描述

  • 3.5 嵌套的if语句和多分支if-else语句

    • if语句可以在另外一个if语句中，形成嵌套的if语句。

      if (i > k){
            if (j > k)
                System.out.println("i and j are greater than k");
        }
        else
            System.out.println("i is less than or equal to k");

  • 3.6 常见错误和陷进

    • 常见错误1：忘记必要的括号

    • 常见错误2：错误地在if行出现分号

    • 常见错误3：对布尔值的冗余测试

    • 常见错误4：悬空else出现的歧义（每一组if-else都要进行相应的缩进进行对齐，避免造成if-else不匹配的现象）

    • 常见错误5：两个浮点数值的相等测试

    • 常见陷阱1：简化布尔变量赋值

      if (number % 2 == 0)
            even = true;
        else
            even = false;
        //上面的代码就等价于下面的代码，但是 下面的代码形式会更加的好
        boolean even
                = number % 2 ==0;

    • 常见陷阱2：避免不同情形中的重复代码

      package chapter01;

public class Try {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int tuition;
        boolean inState = true;
        if (inState){
            tuition = 5000;
            System.out.println("The tuition is " + tuition);
        }
        else {
            tuition = 15000;
            System.out.println("The tuition is " + tuition);
        }
        //上面的代码等价于下面的代码，但是下面的代码的形式会更加的好，显得更加的简捷
        
        if (inState){
            tuition = 5000;
        }
        else {
            tuition = 15000;
        }
        System.out.println("The tuition is " + tuition);
    }
}

  • 3.7 产生随机数

    • 使用Math.random()来获得一个0.0到1.0之间的随机double值，不包括1.0。

    • 示例：假设你想开发一个让一年级学生练习减法的程序。程序随机生成两个一位整数：number1，number2，且满足number1>=number2。程序向学生显示问题，例如，“What is 9-2?”。当学生输入答案之后，程序会显示一个消息表明改答案是否正确。

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SubtractionQuiz {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int number1 = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
        int number2 = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
        if (number1 < number2){
            int temp = number1;
            number1 = number2;
            number2 = temp;
        }

        System.out.print("What is " + number1 + "-" + number2 + "?");
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        int answer = input.nextInt();
        
        if (number1 - number2 == answer)
            System.out.println("You are correct!");
        else {
            System.out.println("Your answer is wrong.");
            System.out.println(number1 + "-" + number2 + " should be " + (number1 - number2));
        }
    }
}

  • 3.8 示例学习：计算身体质量指数

    package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ComputeAndInterpretBMI {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter weight in pounds: ");
        double weight = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Enter height in inches: ");
        double height = input.nextDouble();

        final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.45359237;
        final double METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254;

        double weightInKilograms = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
        double heightInMeters = height * METERS_PER_INCH;
        double bmi = weightInKilograms / (heightInMeters * heightInMeters);

        System.out.println("BMI is " + bmi);
        if (bmi < 18.5)
            System.out.print("Underweight");
        else if (bmi < 25)
            System.out.println("Normal");
        else if (bmi < 30)
            System.out.println("Overweight");
        else
            System.out.println("Obese");
    }
}

  • 3.9 示例学习：计算税率

    package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ComputeTax {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("(0-single filer,1-married jointly or " + "qualifying window(er),2-married separately,3-head of " + "household) Enter the filing status: ");

        int status = input.nextInt();

        System.out.print("Enter the taxable income: ");
        double income = input.nextDouble();

        double tax = 0;

        if (status == 0){
            if (income <= 8350)
                tax = income * 0.10;
            else if (income <= 33950)
                tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (income - 8350) * 0.15;
            else if (income <= 82250)
                tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (income - 33950) * 0.25;
            else if (income <= 171550)
                tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (income - 82250) * 0.28;
            else if (income <= 372950)
                tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (171550 - 82250) * 0.28 + (income - 171550) * 0.22;
            else 
                tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (171550 - 82250) * 0.28 + (372950 - 171550) * 0.22 + (income - 372950) * 0.35;
        }
        else if (status == 1){
            //
        }
        else if (status == 2){
            //
        }
        else if (status == 3){
            //
        }
        else {
            System.out.println("Error:invalid status");
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println("Tax is " + (int)(tax * 100) / 100.0);
    }
}

  • 3.10 逻辑操作符

    • 逻辑操作符！、&&、||和^可以用于产生复合布尔表达式。
    操作符名称说明
    ！非逻辑非
    &&与逻辑与
    ||或逻辑或
    ^异或逻辑异或
    package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class TestBooleanOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
        int number = input.nextInt();

        if (number % 2 == 0 && number % 3 == 0)
            System.out.println(number + "is divisible by 2 and 3.");
        if (number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0)
            System.out.println(number + "is divisible by 2 or 3.");
        if (number % 2 == 0 ^ number % 3 == 0)
            System.out.println(number + "is divisible by 2 or 3,but not both.");
    }
}
    • 从数学的角度看，1<=2<=3是正确的，但是在Java中必须将两个部分分开的，1<=2&&2<=3。

  • 3.11 示例学习：判定闰年

    package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class LeapYear {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a year: ");
        int year = input.nextInt();

        boolean isLeapYear = ((year % 4 ==0 && year % 100 == 0) || (year % 400 == 0));

        System.out.println(year + " is a leap year? " + isLeapYear);
    }
}

  • 3.12 示例学习：彩票

    package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Lottery {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int lottery = (int)(Math.random() * 100);

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter your lottery pick (two digits): ");
        int guess = input.nextInt();

        int lotteryDigit1 = lottery / 10;
        int lotteryDigit2 = lottery % 10;

        int guessDigit1 = guess / 10;
        int guessDigit2 = guess % 10;
        System.out.println("The lottery number is " + lottery);

        if (guess == lottery)
            System.out.println("Exact match: you win $10,000");
        else if (guessDigit2 == lotteryDigit1 && guessDigit1 == lotteryDigit2)
            System.out.println("Match all digits: you win $3,000");
        else if (guessDigit1 == lotteryDigit1 || guessDigit1 == lotteryDigit2 || guessDigit2 == lotteryDigit1 || guessDigit2 == lotteryDigit2)
            System.out.println("Match one digit: you win $1,000");
        else
            System.out.println("Sorry, no match");
    }
}

  • 3.13 switch语句

    • switch语句基于变量或者表达式的值来执行语句，下面是switch语句的完整语句。

      switch（switch表达式）{
	case 值1：语句（组）1；
			break；
	case 值2：语句（组）2；
			break；
	...
	case 值N：语句（组）N；
			break；
	default:默认情况下执行的语句（组）
}

    • switch语句遵从下述规则：

      • 1、switch表达式必须是能计算出一个char、byte、short、int或者String型值，并且需用括号括主。

      • 2、value1，value2，…，valueN必须与swtch表达式具有相同的数据类型。注意：value1，value2，…，valueN都是常量表达式，也就是说这里的表达式是不能包含变量的，例如，不允许出现1+x。

      • 3、当switch表达式的值与case语句的值相匹配时，执行从case开始的语句，直到遇到一个break语句或到达该switch语句的结束。

      • 4、默认情况下（default）是可选的，当没有一个给出的case与switch表达式匹配时，则执行该操作。

      • 5、关键字break是可选的。break语句会立即终止switch语句。

        package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ChineseZodiac {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        
        System.out.print("Enter a year: ");
        int year = input.nextInt();
        
        switch (year % 12){
            case 0:System.out.println("monkey");break;
            case 1:System.out.println("rooster");break;
            case 2:System.out.println("dog");break;
            case 3:System.out.println("pig");break;
            case 4:System.out.println("rat");break;
            case 5:System.out.println("ox");break;
            case 6:System.out.println("tiger");break;
            case 7:System.out.println("rabbit");break;
            case 8:System.out.println("dragon");break;
            case 9:System.out.println("snake");break;
            case 10:System.out.println("horse");break;
            case 11:System.out.println("sheep");break;
        }
    }
}

    • 不要忘记在需要的时候使用break语句。一旦匹配其中一个case，就从匹配的case处开始执行， 遇到break语句或者到达switch语句的结束。这种现象称为落空行为。

  • 3.14 条件操作

    • 符号？和：一起出现，称为条件操作符（也称为三元操作符，是Java中唯一的一个三元操作符）该语法如下：

      boolean-expression？expression1：expression2

      if(x>0)
	y=1;
else
	y=-1;

      和下面的三元操作符是等价的：

      y=(x>0)?1:-1;

  • 3.15 操作符的优先级和结合规则
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 3.16 调试

    • 调试是在程序中找到和修改错误的过程。
    • 1、一次执行一条语句
    • 2、跟踪进入或者一步运行一个方法
    • 3、设置断点
    • 4、显示变量
    • 5、显示调用堆栈
    • 6、修改变量

  • 编程小习题

    • 1、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Code_01 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a,b,c: ");
        double a = input.nextDouble();
        double b = input.nextDouble();
        double c = input.nextDouble();
        double discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;
        if (discriminant > 0){
            double answer1 = (-b + Math.pow(discriminant,0.5)) / (2 * a);
            double answer2 = (-b - Math.pow(discriminant,0.5)) / (2 * a);
            System.out.println("The equation has two roots " + answer1 + " and " + answer2);
        }
        else if (discriminant == 0){
            double answer1 = (-b + Math.pow(discriminant,0.5)) / (2 * a);
            System.out.println("The eqution has one root " + answer1);
        }
        else
            System.out.println("The eqution has no real roots");
    }
}

    • 2、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Code_03 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a,b,c,d,e,f: ");
        double a = input.nextDouble();
        double b = input.nextDouble();
        double c = input.nextDouble();
        double d = input.nextDouble();
        double e = input.nextDouble();
        double f = input.nextDouble();
        double medius = a * d - b * c;
        if (medius == 0){
            System.out.println("The eqution has no solution");
        }
        else{
            double x = (e * d - b * f) / medius;
            double y = (a * f - e * c) / medius;
            System.out.println("x is " + x + " and y is " + y);
        }
    }
}


        - 3、![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200930001132846.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2p4aDEwMjVf,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center)

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Random;

public class Code_04 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Random r = new Random();
        int month = r.nextInt(12) + 1;
        switch (month){
            case 1:System.out.println("January");break;
            case 2:System.out.println("Febrary");break;
            case 3:System.out.println("March");break;
            case 4:System.out.println("April");break;
            case 5:System.out.println("May");break;
            case 6:System.out.println("June");break;
            case 7:System.out.println("July");break;
            case 8:System.out.println("August");break;
            case 9:System.out.println("September");break;
            case 10:System.out.println("October");break;
            case 11:System.out.println("November");break;
            case 12:System.out.println("December");break;
        }

    }
}

    • 4、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Code_05 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter today's day: ");
        int number1 = input.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter the number of days elapsed since today: ");
        int number2 = input.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Today is ");
        method(number1);
        System.out.print(" and the future day is ");
        method(number2);
    }
    static void method(int n){
        switch (n){
            case 0:System.out.print("Sunday");break;
            case 1:System.out.print("Monday");break;
            case 2:System.out.print("Tuesday");break;
            case 3:System.out.print("Wednesday");break;
            case 4:System.out.print("Thursday");break;
            case 5:System.out.print("Friday");break;
            case 6:System.out.print("Saturday");break;
        }
    }
}

    • 5、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Code_08 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter three number(int): ");
        int a = input.nextInt();
        int b = input.nextInt();
        int c = input.nextInt();
        int[] arr = {a,b,c};
        Arrays.sort(arr);
        for(int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++){
            System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
        }
    }
}

    • 6、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

public class Code_09 {
    public static void main(String[] args){

        java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter the first 9 digits of an ISBN as integer: ");
        int first9Digits = input.nextInt();

        int d9 = first9Digits %10;
        int d8 = first9Digits /10 % 10;
        int d7 = first9Digits /100 % 10;
        int d6 = first9Digits /1000 % 10;
        int d5 = first9Digits /10000 % 10;
        int d4 = first9Digits /100000 % 10;
        int d3 = first9Digits /1000000 % 10;
        int d2 = first9Digits /10000000 % 10;
        int d1 = first9Digits /100000000;

        int d10 = (int)((d1 *1 + d2 * 2 + d3 * 3 + d4 * 4 + d5 * 5 + d6 * 6 + d7 * 7 + d8 * 8 + d9 * 9)%11);

        if(d10 == 10)
            System.out.println("The ISBN-10 number is " +first9Digits+"X");
        else
            System.out.println("The ISBN-10 number is " +first9Digits+d10);

    }
}

    • 7、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Code_10 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Random r1 = new Random();
        int one = r1.nextInt(100);
        int two = r1.nextInt(100);
        System.out.print(one + " - " + two + " = ");
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        int answer = input.nextInt();
        if (answer == one - two)
            System.out.println("You are right!");
        else
            System.out.println("You are wrong!");
    }
}

    • 8、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Code_12 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a three-digits integer: ");
        String str1 = input.nextLine();
        String str2 = "";
        for (int i = str1.length() - 1;i >= 0;i--){
            str2 += str1.charAt(i);
        }
        if (str1.equals(str2))
            System.out.println(str1 + " is a palindrome");
        else
            System.out.println(str1 + " is not a palindrome");
    }
}

    • 9、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Code_19 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter three integers: ");
        int a = input.nextInt();
        int b = input.nextInt();
        int c = input.nextInt();
        int[] arr = {a,b,c};
        Arrays.sort(arr);
        if (arr[0] + arr[1] > arr[2])
            System.out.println("legitimate");
        else
            System.out.println("not legitimate");
    }
}
      • 10、在这里插入图片描述
      package chapter03;

import java.util.Random;

public class Code_24 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Random r1 = new Random();
        Random r2 = new Random();
        int size = r1.nextInt(13);
        int color = r2.nextInt(4);
        switch (size){
            case 0:System.out.print("The card you picked is 1 of ");break;
            case 1:System.out.print("The card you picked is 2 of ");break;
            case 2:System.out.print("The card you picked is 3 of ");break;
            case 3:System.out.print("The card you picked is 4 of ");break;
            case 4:System.out.print("The card you picked is 5 of ");break;
            case 5:System.out.print("The card you picked is 6 of ");break;
            case 6:System.out.print("The card you picked is 7 of ");break;
            case 7:System.out.print("The card you picked is 8 of ");break;
            case 8:System.out.print("The card you picked is 9 of ");break;
            case 9:System.out.print("The card you picked is 10 of ");break;
            case 10:System.out.print("The card you picked is Jack of ");break;
            case 11:System.out.print("The card you picked is Queen of ");break;
            case 12:System.out.print("The card you picked is King of ");break;
        }
        switch (color){
            case 0:System.out.print("Clubs");break;
            case 1:System.out.print("Diamonds");break;
            case 2:System.out.print("Hearts");break;
            case 3:System.out.print("Spades");break;
        }
    }
}

    • 11、在这里插入图片描述

      package chapter03;

public class Code_28 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter r1's center x-,y-cooordinates, width,and height:");

        double x1 = input.nextDouble();
        double y1 = input.nextDouble();
        double w1 = input.nextDouble();
        double h1 = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Enter r2's center x-,y-coordinates, width,and height:");

        double x2 = input.nextDouble();
        double y2 = input.nextDouble();
        double w2 = input.nextDouble();
        double h2 =input.nextDouble();

        double xDistance = x1 -x2 >=0 ? x1-x2 : x2-x1;
        double yDistance = y1-y2 >=0? y1-y2 : y2-y1;

        if (xDistance <= (w1 - w2) / 2 && yDistance <= (h1 - h2) / 2)
            System.out.println("r2 is inside r1");
        else if (xDistance <= (w1 + w2) / 2 && yDistance <= (h1 + h2) / 2)
            System.out.println("r2 overlaps r1");
        else System.out.println("r2 does not overlap r1");
    }
}
jxxxh
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