03-选择
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3.1 引言
- 程序可以基于条件决定执行哪些语句。
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3.2 boolean数据类型
- boolean数据类型声明一个具有true或者flase的变量。
- 相等的关系操作符是两个等号(==),而不是一个等号(=),比较的结果是一个布尔值:true或flase。true和flase都是字面值,他们被当做保留字一样,不能用作程序的标识符.
操作符 名称 < 小于 <= 小于等于 > 大于 >= 大于等于 == 等于 != 不等于 -
3.3 if语句
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if语句是一个构造,允许程序确定执行的可选路径。
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Java中有几种类型的选择语句:单分支if语句、双分支if-else语句、嵌套if语句、多分支if-else语句、switch语句和条件操作符。
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单分支if语句是指当且仅当条件为true是执行的一个动作。单分支if语句的语法是:
if(布尔表达式){ 语句(组); }
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示例:
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提示用户输入一个整数。如果该数字是5的倍数,打印HiFive。如果该数字能被2整除,打印HiEven。
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class SimpleIfDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter an integer: "); int number = input.nextInt(); if (number % 5 ==0) System.out.println("HiFive"); if (number % 2 ==0) System.out.println("HiEven"); } }
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3.4 双分支 if-else 语句
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if-else语句根据条件是真或者是假,决定执行的路径。下面是双分支if-else语句的语法:
if(布尔表达式){ 布尔表达式为真时执行的语句(组); } else{ 布尔表达式为假时执行的语句(组); }
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3.5 嵌套的if语句和多分支if-else语句
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if语句可以在另外一个if语句中,形成嵌套的if语句。
if (i > k){ if (j > k) System.out.println("i and j are greater than k"); } else System.out.println("i is less than or equal to k");
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3.6 常见错误和陷进
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常见错误1:忘记必要的括号
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常见错误2:错误地在if行出现分号
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常见错误3:对布尔值的冗余测试
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常见错误4:悬空else出现的歧义(每一组if-else都要进行相应的缩进进行对齐,避免造成if-else不匹配的现象)
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常见错误5:两个浮点数值的相等测试
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常见陷阱1:简化布尔变量赋值
if (number % 2 == 0) even = true; else even = false; //上面的代码就等价于下面的代码,但是 下面的代码形式会更加的好 boolean even = number % 2 ==0;
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常见陷阱2:避免不同情形中的重复代码
package chapter01; public class Try { public static void main(String[] args){ int tuition; boolean inState = true; if (inState){ tuition = 5000; System.out.println("The tuition is " + tuition); } else { tuition = 15000; System.out.println("The tuition is " + tuition); } //上面的代码等价于下面的代码,但是下面的代码的形式会更加的好,显得更加的简捷 if (inState){ tuition = 5000; } else { tuition = 15000; } System.out.println("The tuition is " + tuition); } }
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3.7 产生随机数
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使用Math.random()来获得一个0.0到1.0之间的随机double值,不包括1.0。
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示例:假设你想开发一个让一年级学生练习减法的程序。程序随机生成两个一位整数:number1,number2,且满足number1>=number2。程序向学生显示问题,例如,“What is 9-2?”。当学生输入答案之后,程序会显示一个消息表明改答案是否正确。
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class SubtractionQuiz { public static void main(String[] args){ int number1 = (int)(Math.random() * 10); int number2 = (int)(Math.random() * 10); if (number1 < number2){ int temp = number1; number1 = number2; number2 = temp; } System.out.print("What is " + number1 + "-" + number2 + "?"); Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); int answer = input.nextInt(); if (number1 - number2 == answer) System.out.println("You are correct!"); else { System.out.println("Your answer is wrong."); System.out.println(number1 + "-" + number2 + " should be " + (number1 - number2)); } } }
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3.8 示例学习:计算身体质量指数
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class ComputeAndInterpretBMI { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter weight in pounds: "); double weight = input.nextDouble(); System.out.print("Enter height in inches: "); double height = input.nextDouble(); final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.45359237; final double METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254; double weightInKilograms = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND; double heightInMeters = height * METERS_PER_INCH; double bmi = weightInKilograms / (heightInMeters * heightInMeters); System.out.println("BMI is " + bmi); if (bmi < 18.5) System.out.print("Underweight"); else if (bmi < 25) System.out.println("Normal"); else if (bmi < 30) System.out.println("Overweight"); else System.out.println("Obese"); } }
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3.9 示例学习:计算税率
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class ComputeTax { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("(0-single filer,1-married jointly or " + "qualifying window(er),2-married separately,3-head of " + "household) Enter the filing status: "); int status = input.nextInt(); System.out.print("Enter the taxable income: "); double income = input.nextDouble(); double tax = 0; if (status == 0){ if (income <= 8350) tax = income * 0.10; else if (income <= 33950) tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (income - 8350) * 0.15; else if (income <= 82250) tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (income - 33950) * 0.25; else if (income <= 171550) tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (income - 82250) * 0.28; else if (income <= 372950) tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (171550 - 82250) * 0.28 + (income - 171550) * 0.22; else tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (171550 - 82250) * 0.28 + (372950 - 171550) * 0.22 + (income - 372950) * 0.35; } else if (status == 1){ // } else if (status == 2){ // } else if (status == 3){ // } else { System.out.println("Error:invalid status"); System.exit(1); } System.out.println("Tax is " + (int)(tax * 100) / 100.0); } }
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3.10 逻辑操作符
- 逻辑操作符!、&&、||和^可以用于产生复合布尔表达式。
操作符 名称 说明 ! 非 逻辑非 && 与 逻辑与 || 或 逻辑或 ^ 异或 逻辑异或 package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class TestBooleanOperators { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter an integer: "); int number = input.nextInt(); if (number % 2 == 0 && number % 3 == 0) System.out.println(number + "is divisible by 2 and 3."); if (number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0) System.out.println(number + "is divisible by 2 or 3."); if (number % 2 == 0 ^ number % 3 == 0) System.out.println(number + "is divisible by 2 or 3,but not both."); } }
- 从数学的角度看,1<=2<=3是正确的,但是在Java中必须将两个部分分开的,1<=2&&2<=3。
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3.11 示例学习:判定闰年
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class LeapYear { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a year: "); int year = input.nextInt(); boolean isLeapYear = ((year % 4 ==0 && year % 100 == 0) || (year % 400 == 0)); System.out.println(year + " is a leap year? " + isLeapYear); } }
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3.12 示例学习:彩票
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class Lottery { public static void main(String[] args){ int lottery = (int)(Math.random() * 100); Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter your lottery pick (two digits): "); int guess = input.nextInt(); int lotteryDigit1 = lottery / 10; int lotteryDigit2 = lottery % 10; int guessDigit1 = guess / 10; int guessDigit2 = guess % 10; System.out.println("The lottery number is " + lottery); if (guess == lottery) System.out.println("Exact match: you win $10,000"); else if (guessDigit2 == lotteryDigit1 && guessDigit1 == lotteryDigit2) System.out.println("Match all digits: you win $3,000"); else if (guessDigit1 == lotteryDigit1 || guessDigit1 == lotteryDigit2 || guessDigit2 == lotteryDigit1 || guessDigit2 == lotteryDigit2) System.out.println("Match one digit: you win $1,000"); else System.out.println("Sorry, no match"); } }
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3.13 switch语句
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switch语句基于变量或者表达式的值来执行语句,下面是switch语句的完整语句。
switch(switch表达式){ case 值1:语句(组)1; break; case 值2:语句(组)2; break; ... case 值N:语句(组)N; break; default:默认情况下执行的语句(组) }
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switch语句遵从下述规则:
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1、switch表达式必须是能计算出一个char、byte、short、int或者String型值,并且需用括号括主。
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2、value1,value2,…,valueN必须与swtch表达式具有相同的数据类型。注意:value1,value2,…,valueN都是常量表达式,也就是说这里的表达式是不能包含变量的,例如,不允许出现1+x。
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3、当switch表达式的值与case语句的值相匹配时,执行从case开始的语句,直到遇到一个break语句或到达该switch语句的结束。
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4、默认情况下(default)是可选的,当没有一个给出的case与switch表达式匹配时,则执行该操作。
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5、关键字break是可选的。break语句会立即终止switch语句。
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class ChineseZodiac { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a year: "); int year = input.nextInt(); switch (year % 12){ case 0:System.out.println("monkey");break; case 1:System.out.println("rooster");break; case 2:System.out.println("dog");break; case 3:System.out.println("pig");break; case 4:System.out.println("rat");break; case 5:System.out.println("ox");break; case 6:System.out.println("tiger");break; case 7:System.out.println("rabbit");break; case 8:System.out.println("dragon");break; case 9:System.out.println("snake");break; case 10:System.out.println("horse");break; case 11:System.out.println("sheep");break; } } }
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不要忘记在需要的时候使用break语句。一旦匹配其中一个case,就从匹配的case处开始执行, 遇到break语句或者到达switch语句的结束。这种现象称为落空行为。
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3.14 条件操作
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符号?和:一起出现,称为条件操作符(也称为三元操作符,是Java中唯一的一个三元操作符)该语法如下:
boolean-expression?expression1:expression2
if(x>0) y=1; else y=-1;
和下面的三元操作符是等价的:
y=(x>0)?1:-1;
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3.15 操作符的优先级和结合规则
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3.16 调试
- 调试是在程序中找到和修改错误的过程。
- 1、一次执行一条语句
- 2、跟踪进入或者一步运行一个方法
- 3、设置断点
- 4、显示变量
- 5、显示调用堆栈
- 6、修改变量
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编程小习题
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1、
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class Code_01 { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a,b,c: "); double a = input.nextDouble(); double b = input.nextDouble(); double c = input.nextDouble(); double discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c; if (discriminant > 0){ double answer1 = (-b + Math.pow(discriminant,0.5)) / (2 * a); double answer2 = (-b - Math.pow(discriminant,0.5)) / (2 * a); System.out.println("The equation has two roots " + answer1 + " and " + answer2); } else if (discriminant == 0){ double answer1 = (-b + Math.pow(discriminant,0.5)) / (2 * a); System.out.println("The eqution has one root " + answer1); } else System.out.println("The eqution has no real roots"); } }
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package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class Code_03 { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a,b,c,d,e,f: "); double a = input.nextDouble(); double b = input.nextDouble(); double c = input.nextDouble(); double d = input.nextDouble(); double e = input.nextDouble(); double f = input.nextDouble(); double medius = a * d - b * c; if (medius == 0){ System.out.println("The eqution has no solution"); } else{ double x = (e * d - b * f) / medius; double y = (a * f - e * c) / medius; System.out.println("x is " + x + " and y is " + y); } } }
- 3、![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200930001132846.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2p4aDEwMjVf,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center)
package chapter03; import java.util.Random; public class Code_04 { public static void main(String[] args){ Random r = new Random(); int month = r.nextInt(12) + 1; switch (month){ case 1:System.out.println("January");break; case 2:System.out.println("Febrary");break; case 3:System.out.println("March");break; case 4:System.out.println("April");break; case 5:System.out.println("May");break; case 6:System.out.println("June");break; case 7:System.out.println("July");break; case 8:System.out.println("August");break; case 9:System.out.println("September");break; case 10:System.out.println("October");break; case 11:System.out.println("November");break; case 12:System.out.println("December");break; } } }
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4、
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class Code_05 { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter today's day: "); int number1 = input.nextInt(); System.out.print("Enter the number of days elapsed since today: "); int number2 = input.nextInt(); System.out.print("Today is "); method(number1); System.out.print(" and the future day is "); method(number2); } static void method(int n){ switch (n){ case 0:System.out.print("Sunday");break; case 1:System.out.print("Monday");break; case 2:System.out.print("Tuesday");break; case 3:System.out.print("Wednesday");break; case 4:System.out.print("Thursday");break; case 5:System.out.print("Friday");break; case 6:System.out.print("Saturday");break; } } }
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5、
package chapter03; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Scanner; public class Code_08 { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter three number(int): "); int a = input.nextInt(); int b = input.nextInt(); int c = input.nextInt(); int[] arr = {a,b,c}; Arrays.sort(arr); for(int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++){ System.out.print(arr[i]+" "); } } }
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package chapter03; public class Code_09 { public static void main(String[] args){ java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter the first 9 digits of an ISBN as integer: "); int first9Digits = input.nextInt(); int d9 = first9Digits %10; int d8 = first9Digits /10 % 10; int d7 = first9Digits /100 % 10; int d6 = first9Digits /1000 % 10; int d5 = first9Digits /10000 % 10; int d4 = first9Digits /100000 % 10; int d3 = first9Digits /1000000 % 10; int d2 = first9Digits /10000000 % 10; int d1 = first9Digits /100000000; int d10 = (int)((d1 *1 + d2 * 2 + d3 * 3 + d4 * 4 + d5 * 5 + d6 * 6 + d7 * 7 + d8 * 8 + d9 * 9)%11); if(d10 == 10) System.out.println("The ISBN-10 number is " +first9Digits+"X"); else System.out.println("The ISBN-10 number is " +first9Digits+d10); } }
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7、
package chapter03; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; public class Code_10 { public static void main(String[] args){ Random r1 = new Random(); int one = r1.nextInt(100); int two = r1.nextInt(100); System.out.print(one + " - " + two + " = "); Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); int answer = input.nextInt(); if (answer == one - two) System.out.println("You are right!"); else System.out.println("You are wrong!"); } }
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8、
package chapter03; import java.util.Scanner; public class Code_12 { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a three-digits integer: "); String str1 = input.nextLine(); String str2 = ""; for (int i = str1.length() - 1;i >= 0;i--){ str2 += str1.charAt(i); } if (str1.equals(str2)) System.out.println(str1 + " is a palindrome"); else System.out.println(str1 + " is not a palindrome"); } }
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9、
package chapter03; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Scanner; public class Code_19 { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter three integers: "); int a = input.nextInt(); int b = input.nextInt(); int c = input.nextInt(); int[] arr = {a,b,c}; Arrays.sort(arr); if (arr[0] + arr[1] > arr[2]) System.out.println("legitimate"); else System.out.println("not legitimate"); } }
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package chapter03; import java.util.Random; public class Code_24 { public static void main(String[] args){ Random r1 = new Random(); Random r2 = new Random(); int size = r1.nextInt(13); int color = r2.nextInt(4); switch (size){ case 0:System.out.print("The card you picked is 1 of ");break; case 1:System.out.print("The card you picked is 2 of ");break; case 2:System.out.print("The card you picked is 3 of ");break; case 3:System.out.print("The card you picked is 4 of ");break; case 4:System.out.print("The card you picked is 5 of ");break; case 5:System.out.print("The card you picked is 6 of ");break; case 6:System.out.print("The card you picked is 7 of ");break; case 7:System.out.print("The card you picked is 8 of ");break; case 8:System.out.print("The card you picked is 9 of ");break; case 9:System.out.print("The card you picked is 10 of ");break; case 10:System.out.print("The card you picked is Jack of ");break; case 11:System.out.print("The card you picked is Queen of ");break; case 12:System.out.print("The card you picked is King of ");break; } switch (color){ case 0:System.out.print("Clubs");break; case 1:System.out.print("Diamonds");break; case 2:System.out.print("Hearts");break; case 3:System.out.print("Spades");break; } } }
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package chapter03; public class Code_28 { public static void main(String[] args){ java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter r1's center x-,y-cooordinates, width,and height:"); double x1 = input.nextDouble(); double y1 = input.nextDouble(); double w1 = input.nextDouble(); double h1 = input.nextDouble(); System.out.print("Enter r2's center x-,y-coordinates, width,and height:"); double x2 = input.nextDouble(); double y2 = input.nextDouble(); double w2 = input.nextDouble(); double h2 =input.nextDouble(); double xDistance = x1 -x2 >=0 ? x1-x2 : x2-x1; double yDistance = y1-y2 >=0? y1-y2 : y2-y1; if (xDistance <= (w1 - w2) / 2 && yDistance <= (h1 - h2) / 2) System.out.println("r2 is inside r1"); else if (xDistance <= (w1 + w2) / 2 && yDistance <= (h1 + h2) / 2) System.out.println("r2 overlaps r1"); else System.out.println("r2 does not overlap r1"); } }
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