KMP字符串匹配算法

笔者介绍：姜雪伟，IT公司技术合伙人，IT高级讲师，CSDN社区专家，特邀编辑，畅销书作者，已出版书籍：《手把手教你架构3D游戏引擎》电子工业出版社和《Unity3D实战核心技术详解》电子工业出版社等。

CSDN视频网址：http://edu.csdn.net/lecturer/144

算法在各个领域都有非常广泛的应用，尤其现在比较流行的人工智能，深度学习以及搜索算法等等，当然游戏开发领域也需要算法的支撑，只是这些算法被一些库已封装好，不需要开发者重新编写，但是这不等于大家就可以不用学习算法了。本篇博客给读者介绍一种KMP模型搜索算法，学过数据结构的读者知道，搜索算法很多的，比如二分查找，二叉树搜索等等。

KMP算法是一种改进的字符串匹配算法，由D.E.Knuth，J.H.Morris和V.R.Pratt同时发现，因此人们称它为克努特——莫里斯——普拉特操作（简称KMP算法）。KMP算法的关键是利用匹配失败后的信息，尽量减少模式串与主串的匹配次数以达到快速匹配的目的。具体实现就是实现一个next()函数，函数本身包含了模式串的局部匹配信息。时间复杂度O(m+n)。网上很多关于KMP算法的解释，在这里就不多说了，直接通过案例给读者分享，通过代码的分析可以了解其算法的运行原理。

案例如下所示：

输入:

  txt[] =  "THIS IS A TEST TEXT"
  pat[] = "TEST"

输出:

Pattern found at index 10

输入:

  txt[] =  "AABAACAADAABAAABAA"
  pat[] = "AABA"

输出:

   Pattern found at index 0
   Pattern found at index 9
   Pattern found at index 13

首先给你一个txt数组，还有一个pat数组，根据pat数组内容从txt数组中找到它的匹配的索引位置。下面给读者展示用C语言实现的算法：

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
 
void computeLPSArray(char *pat, int M, int *lps);
 
void KMPSearch(char *pat, char *txt)
{
    int M = strlen(pat);
    int N = strlen(txt);
 
    // create lps[] that will hold the longest prefix suffix
    // values for pattern
    int *lps = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*M);
    int j  = 0;  // index for pat[]
 
    // Preprocess the pattern (calculate lps[] array)
    computeLPSArray(pat, M, lps);
 
    int i = 0;  // index for txt[]
    while (i < N)
    {
      if (pat[j] == txt[i])
      {
        j++;
        i++;
      }
 
      if (j == M)
      {
        printf("Found pattern at index %d \n", i-j);
        j = lps[j-1];
      }
 
      // mismatch after j matches
      else if (i < N && pat[j] != txt[i])
      {
        // Do not match lps[0..lps[j-1]] characters,
        // they will match anyway
        if (j != 0)
         j = lps[j-1];
        else
         i = i+1;
      }
    }
    free(lps); // to avoid memory leak
}
 
void computeLPSArray(char *pat, int M, int *lps)
{
    int len = 0;  // length of the previous longest prefix suffix
    int i;
 
    lps[0] = 0; // lps[0] is always 0
    i = 1;
 
    // the loop calculates lps[i] for i = 1 to M-1
    while (i < M)
    {
       if (pat[i] == pat[len])
       {
         len++;
         lps[i] = len;
         i++;
       }
       else // (pat[i] != pat[len])
       {
         if (len != 0)
         {
           // This is tricky. Consider the example 
           // AAACAAAA and i = 7.
           len = lps[len-1];
 
           // Also, note that we do not increment i here
         }
         else // if (len == 0)
         {
           lps[i] = 0;
           i++;
         }
       }
    }
}
 
// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
   char *txt = "ABABDABACDABABCABAB";
   char *pat = "ABABCABAB";
   KMPSearch(pat, txt);
   return 0;
}

现在Python语言也是比较流行的，再用Python实现一遍代码如下所示：

# Python program for KMP Algorithm
def KMPSearch(pat, txt):
    M = len(pat)
    N = len(txt)
 
    # create lps[] that will hold the longest prefix suffix 
    # values for pattern
    lps = [0]*M
    j = 0 # index for pat[]
 
    # Preprocess the pattern (calculate lps[] array)
    computeLPSArray(pat, M, lps)
 
    i = 0 # index for txt[]
    while i < N:
        if pat[j] == txt[i]:
            i += 1
            j += 1
 
        if j == M:
            print "Found pattern at index " + str(i-j)
            j = lps[j-1]
 
        # mismatch after j matches
        elif i < N and pat[j] != txt[i]:
            # Do not match lps[0..lps[j-1]] characters,
            # they will match anyway
            if j != 0:
                j = lps[j-1]
            else:
                i += 1
 
def computeLPSArray(pat, M, lps):
    len = 0 # length of the previous longest prefix suffix
 
    lps[0] # lps[0] is always 0
    i = 1
 
    # the loop calculates lps[i] for i = 1 to M-1
    while i < M:
        if pat[i]==pat[len]:
            len += 1
            lps[i] = len
            i += 1
        else:
            # This is tricky. Consider the example.
            # AAACAAAA and i = 7. The idea is similar 
            # to search step.
            if len != 0:
                len = lps[len-1]
 
                # Also, note that we do not increment i here
            else:
                lps[i] = 0
                i += 1
 
txt = "ABABDABACDABABCABAB"
pat = "ABABCABAB"
KMPSearch(pat, txt)

当然Java语言也是必不可少的，Java编写的代码如下所示：

class KMP_String_Matching
{
    void KMPSearch(String pat, String txt)
    {
        int M = pat.length();
        int N = txt.length();
 
        // create lps[] that will hold the longest
        // prefix suffix values for pattern
        int lps[] = new int[M];
        int j = 0;  // index for pat[]
 
        // Preprocess the pattern (calculate lps[]
        // array)
        computeLPSArray(pat,M,lps);
 
        int i = 0;  // index for txt[]
        while (i < N)
        {
            if (pat.charAt(j) == txt.charAt(i))
            {
                j++;
                i++;
            }
            if (j == M)
            {
                System.out.println("Found pattern "+
                              "at index " + (i-j));
                j = lps[j-1];
            }
 
            // mismatch after j matches
            else if (i < N && pat.charAt(j) != txt.charAt(i))
            {
                // Do not match lps[0..lps[j-1]] characters,
                // they will match anyway
                if (j != 0)
                    j = lps[j-1];
                else
                    i = i+1;
            }
        }
    }
 
    void computeLPSArray(String pat, int M, int lps[])
    {
        // length of the previous longest prefix suffix
        int len = 0;
        int i = 1;
        lps[0] = 0;  // lps[0] is always 0
 
        // the loop calculates lps[i] for i = 1 to M-1
        while (i < M)
        {
            if (pat.charAt(i) == pat.charAt(len))
            {
                len++;
                lps[i] = len;
                i++;
            }
            else  // (pat[i] != pat[len])
            {
                // This is tricky. Consider the example.
                // AAACAAAA and i = 7. The idea is similar 
                // to search step.
                if (len != 0)
                {
                    len = lps[len-1];
 
                    // Also, note that we do not increment
                    // i here
                }
                else  // if (len == 0)
                {
                    lps[i] = len;
                    i++;
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Driver program to test above function
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        String txt = "ABABDABACDABABCABAB";
        String pat = "ABABCABAB";
        new KMP_String_Matching().KMPSearch(pat,txt);
    }
}

算法也是检验开发者处理问题的能力，在业余时间没事的时候，可以编写一下就当放松了。。。。。。。