笔者介绍:姜雪伟,IT公司技术合伙人,IT高级讲师,CSDN社区专家,特邀编辑,畅销书作者,已出版书籍:《手把手教你架构3D游戏引擎》电子工业出版社和《Unity3D实战核心技术详解》电子工业出版社等。
CSDN视频网址:http://edu.csdn.net/lecturer/144
算法在各个领域都有非常广泛的应用,尤其现在比较流行的人工智能,深度学习以及搜索算法等等,当然游戏开发领域也需要算法的支撑,只是这些算法被一些库已封装好,不需要开发者重新编写,但是这不等于大家就可以不用学习算法了。本篇博客给读者介绍一种KMP模型搜索算法,学过数据结构的读者知道,搜索算法很多的,比如二分查找,二叉树搜索等等。
KMP算法是一种改进的字符串匹配算法,由D.E.Knuth,J.H.Morris和V.R.Pratt同时发现,因此人们称它为克努特——莫里斯——普拉特操作(简称KMP算法)。KMP算法的关键是利用匹配失败后的信息,尽量减少模式串与主串的匹配次数以达到快速匹配的目的。具体实现就是实现一个next()函数,函数本身包含了模式串的局部匹配信息。时间复杂度O(m+n)。网上很多关于KMP算法的解释,在这里就不多说了,直接通过案例给读者分享,通过代码的分析可以了解其算法的运行原理。
案例如下所示:
输入:
txt[] = "THIS IS A TEST TEXT"
pat[] = "TEST"
输出:
Pattern found at index 10
输入:
txt[] = "AABAACAADAABAAABAA"
pat[] = "AABA"
输出:
Pattern found at index 0
Pattern found at index 9
Pattern found at index 13
首先给你一个txt数组,还有一个pat数组,根据pat数组内容从txt数组中找到它的匹配的索引位置。下面给读者展示用C语言实现的算法:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void computeLPSArray(char *pat, int M, int *lps);
void KMPSearch(char *pat, char *txt)
{
int M = strlen(pat);
int N = strlen(txt);
// create lps[] that will hold the longest prefix suffix
// values for pattern
int *lps = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*M);
int j = 0; // index for pat[]
// Preprocess the pattern (calculate lps[] array)
computeLPSArray(pat, M, lps);
int i = 0; // index for txt[]
while (i < N)
{
if (pat[j] == txt[i])
{
j++;
i++;
}
if (j == M)
{
printf("Found pattern at index %d \n", i-j);
j = lps[j-1];
}
// mismatch after j matches
else if (i < N && pat[j] != txt[i])
{
// Do not match lps[0..lps[j-1]] characters,
// they will match anyway
if (j != 0)
j = lps[j-1];
else
i = i+1;
}
}
free(lps); // to avoid memory leak
}
void computeLPSArray(char *pat, int M, int *lps)
{
int len = 0; // length of the previous longest prefix suffix
int i;
lps[0] = 0; // lps[0] is always 0
i = 1;
// the loop calculates lps[i] for i = 1 to M-1
while (i < M)
{
if (pat[i] == pat[len])
{
len++;
lps[i] = len;
i++;
}
else // (pat[i] != pat[len])
{
if (len != 0)
{
// This is tricky. Consider the example
// AAACAAAA and i = 7.
len = lps[len-1];
// Also, note that we do not increment i here
}
else // if (len == 0)
{
lps[i] = 0;
i++;
}
}
}
}
// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
char *txt = "ABABDABACDABABCABAB";
char *pat = "ABABCABAB";
KMPSearch(pat, txt);
return 0;
}
现在Python语言也是比较流行的,再用Python实现一遍代码如下所示:
# Python program for KMP Algorithm
def KMPSearch(pat, txt):
M = len(pat)
N = len(txt)
# create lps[] that will hold the longest prefix suffix
# values for pattern
lps = [0]*M
j = 0 # index for pat[]
# Preprocess the pattern (calculate lps[] array)
computeLPSArray(pat, M, lps)
i = 0 # index for txt[]
while i < N:
if pat[j] == txt[i]:
i += 1
j += 1
if j == M:
print "Found pattern at index " + str(i-j)
j = lps[j-1]
# mismatch after j matches
elif i < N and pat[j] != txt[i]:
# Do not match lps[0..lps[j-1]] characters,
# they will match anyway
if j != 0:
j = lps[j-1]
else:
i += 1
def computeLPSArray(pat, M, lps):
len = 0 # length of the previous longest prefix suffix
lps[0] # lps[0] is always 0
i = 1
# the loop calculates lps[i] for i = 1 to M-1
while i < M:
if pat[i]==pat[len]:
len += 1
lps[i] = len
i += 1
else:
# This is tricky. Consider the example.
# AAACAAAA and i = 7. The idea is similar
# to search step.
if len != 0:
len = lps[len-1]
# Also, note that we do not increment i here
else:
lps[i] = 0
i += 1
txt = "ABABDABACDABABCABAB"
pat = "ABABCABAB"
KMPSearch(pat, txt)
class KMP_String_Matching
{
void KMPSearch(String pat, String txt)
{
int M = pat.length();
int N = txt.length();
// create lps[] that will hold the longest
// prefix suffix values for pattern
int lps[] = new int[M];
int j = 0; // index for pat[]
// Preprocess the pattern (calculate lps[]
// array)
computeLPSArray(pat,M,lps);
int i = 0; // index for txt[]
while (i < N)
{
if (pat.charAt(j) == txt.charAt(i))
{
j++;
i++;
}
if (j == M)
{
System.out.println("Found pattern "+
"at index " + (i-j));
j = lps[j-1];
}
// mismatch after j matches
else if (i < N && pat.charAt(j) != txt.charAt(i))
{
// Do not match lps[0..lps[j-1]] characters,
// they will match anyway
if (j != 0)
j = lps[j-1];
else
i = i+1;
}
}
}
void computeLPSArray(String pat, int M, int lps[])
{
// length of the previous longest prefix suffix
int len = 0;
int i = 1;
lps[0] = 0; // lps[0] is always 0
// the loop calculates lps[i] for i = 1 to M-1
while (i < M)
{
if (pat.charAt(i) == pat.charAt(len))
{
len++;
lps[i] = len;
i++;
}
else // (pat[i] != pat[len])
{
// This is tricky. Consider the example.
// AAACAAAA and i = 7. The idea is similar
// to search step.
if (len != 0)
{
len = lps[len-1];
// Also, note that we do not increment
// i here
}
else // if (len == 0)
{
lps[i] = len;
i++;
}
}
}
}
// Driver program to test above function
public static void main(String args[])
{
String txt = "ABABDABACDABABCABAB";
String pat = "ABABCABAB";
new KMP_String_Matching().KMPSearch(pat,txt);
}
}
算法也是检验开发者处理问题的能力,在业余时间没事的时候,可以编写一下就当放松了。。。。。。。