类与类之间可能存在着继承关系,那便是超类与子类的关系。在Spring IOC容器中配置Bean,同样也可以建立继承关系。并且,就像类中存在抽象类一样,我们也可以将某些bean声明为abstract bean,方法就是讲bean元素的abstract属性设置为true。
我们来看4组例子,请看spring IOC容器配置文件bean-relations.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="car1" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" p:brand="Audi"
p:price="700000" abstract="true" />
<bean id="car1_1" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" parent="car1" />
<bean id="car2" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" abstract="true" />
<bean id="car2_1" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" parent="car2"
p:brand="BM" p:price="800000" />
<bean id="car3" abstract="true" p:brand="Volvo" p:price="600000" />
<bean id="car3_1" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" parent="car3"
p:brand="Volvo S60L" p:price="650000" />
<bean id="car4" abstract="true" />
<bean id="car4_1" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" parent="car4"
p:brand="Honda" p:price="400000" />
</beans>
第1组例子,抽象bean(car_1)设置了对应的bean类型,属性值也进行了赋值。他的子bean(car1_1)的parent属性用于指定car_1,但没有对属性进行赋值,于是我们取car1_1对象时,里面的属性值就是car_1抽象bean中的属性值。
从2、3、4组例子可以看出我们其实没有一定需要指定abstract bean的类型、属性值,这些操作只要在子bean中指定就可以了。值得注意的是,car是抽象bean,并且没有指定类型,但是却指定了属性值,这种情况只要能与后面的子bean兼容也是合法的。
测试代码:
@Test
public void testSuc1()
{
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb=null;
try {
cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car1");
} catch (BeansException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(cb);
}
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car1_1");
System.out.println(cb);
}
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb=null;
try {
cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car2");
} catch (BeansException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(cb);
}
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car2_1");
System.out.println(cb);
}
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb=null;
try {
cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car3");
} catch (BeansException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(cb);
}
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car3_1");
System.out.println(cb);
}
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb=null;
try {
cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car4");
} catch (BeansException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(cb);
}
{
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
CarBean cb = (CarBean) ac.getBean("car4_1");
System.out.println(cb);
}
}
输出结果:
七月 18, 2015 7:42:02 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@48ec7aae: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:02 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:02 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanIsAbstractException: Error creating bean with name 'car1': Bean definition is abstract
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.checkMergedBeanDefinition(AbstractBeanFactory.java:1281)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:282)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:194)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.getBean(AbstractApplicationContext.java:956)
at com.happBKs.spring.iocaop.TestAuto.testSuc1(TestAuto.java:44)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:50)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:675)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)
null
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@2d874991: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:03 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
CarBean [brand=Audi, price=700000.0]
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@f62b12d: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:03 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanIsAbstractException: Error creating bean with name 'car2': Bean definition is abstract
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.checkMergedBeanDefinition(AbstractBeanFactory.java:1281)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:282)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:194)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.getBean(AbstractApplicationContext.java:956)
at com.happBKs.spring.iocaop.TestAuto.testSuc1(TestAuto.java:62)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:50)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:675)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)
null
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@66af4a7d: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:03 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
CarBean [brand=BM, price=800000.0]
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@18d573c7: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:03 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanIsAbstractException: Error creating bean with name 'car3': Bean definition is abstract
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.checkMergedBeanDefinition(AbstractBeanFactory.java:1281)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:282)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:194)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.getBean(AbstractApplicationContext.java:956)
at com.happBKs.spring.iocaop.TestAuto.testSuc1(TestAuto.java:80)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:50)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:675)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)
null
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@21ca402a: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:03 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
CarBean [brand=Volvo S60L, price=650000.0]
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@1aa1bfb: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:03 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanIsAbstractException: Error creating bean with name 'car4': Bean definition is abstract
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.checkMergedBeanDefinition(AbstractBeanFactory.java:1281)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:282)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:194)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.getBean(AbstractApplicationContext.java:956)
at com.happBKs.spring.iocaop.TestAuto.testSuc1(TestAuto.java:98)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:50)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:675)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)
null
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
信息: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@29f3f6e7: startup date [Sat Jul 18 19:42:03 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
七月 18, 2015 7:42:03 下午 org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
信息: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [beans-relations.xml]
CarBean [brand=Honda, price=400000.0]
我们可以看出这些例子是说,可以看到无论哪种bean,只要它是抽象的,都不能进行实例化。
我们做个简单的总结:
Spring 允许继承 bean 的配置, 被继承的 bean 称为父 bean. 继承这个父 Bean 的 Bean 称为子 Bean
子 Bean 从父 Bean 中继承配置, 包括 Bean 的属性配置
子 Bean 也可以覆盖从父 Bean 继承过来的配置
父 Bean 可以作为配置模板, 也可以作为 Bean 实例. 若只想把父 Bean 作为模板, 可以设置 <bean> 的abstract 属性为 true, 这样 Spring 将不会实例化这个 Bean
并不是 <bean> 元素里的所有属性都会被继承. 比如: autowire, abstract 等.
也可以忽略父 Bean 的 class 属性, 让子 Bean 指定自己的类, 而共享相同的属性配置. 但此时 abstract 必须设为 true
bean的依赖关系:
Spring 允许用户通过 depends-on 属性设定 Bean 前置依赖的Bean,前置依赖的 Bean 会在本 Bean 实例化之前创建好
如果前置依赖于多个 Bean,则可以通过逗号,空格或的方式配置 Bean 的名称
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="car1" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" p:brand="Audi"
p:price="700000" abstract="true" />
<bean id="car1_1" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.CarBean" parent="car1" />
<bean id="addressBorn" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.AddressBean" p:city="Shanghai" p:street="Yanan Road"/>
<bean id="person" class="com.happyBKs.autowire.PersonBean" p:name="happBKs" p:car-ref="car1_1" depends-on="addressBorn"/>
</beans>
测试程序:
@Test
public void testSuc2() {
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-relations.xml");
PersonBean pb = (PersonBean) ac.getBean("person");
System.out.println(pb);
}
输出结果:
PersonBean [name=happBKs, address=null, car=CarBean [brand=Audi, price=700000.0]]
看到了吗,address是null。所以依赖不是赋值,而是一种实例化依赖关系的声明。
depend-on用来表示一个Bean的实例化依靠另一个Bean先实例化。如果在一个bean A上定义了depend-on B那么就表示:A 实例化前先实例化 B。
这种情况下,A可能根本不需要持有一个B对象。
比如说,你的DAO Bean实例化之前你必须要先实例化Database Bean,DAO Bean并不需要持有一个Database Bean的实例。因为DAO的使用是依赖Database启动的,如果Database Bean不启动,那么DAO即使实例化也是不可用的。这种情况DAO对Database的依赖是不直接的。
除了在DAO上使用构造函数注入Database Bean以外,Spring没有任何依赖注入的关系能够满足上面的情况。但是DAO也许根本不需要Database的实例被注入,因为DAO是通过JDBC访问数据库的,它不需要调用Database 上的任何方法和属性。
在这种情况下你可以使用depends-on来定义在DAO被实例化之前先去实例化Database。