(2)确定状态和状态变量:将问题发展到各个阶段时所处于的各种客观情况用不同的状态表示出来。当然,状态的选择要满足无后效性。
(3)确定决策并写出状态 转移方程:因为决策和状态转移有着天然的联系,状态转移就是根据上一阶段的状态和决策来导出本阶段的状态。所以如果确定了决策,状态转移方程也就可写出。但事实上常常是反过来做,根据相邻两段各状态之间的关系来确定决策。
(4)寻找 边界条件:给出的状态转移方程是一个递推式,需要一个递推的终止条件或边界条件。
The Problem
Given an matrix of integers, you are to write a program that computes a path of minimal weight. A path starts anywhere in column 1 (the first column) and consists of a sequence of steps terminating in column n (the last column). A step consists of traveling from column i to column i+1 in an adjacent (horizontal or diagonal) row. The first and last rows (rows 1 and m) of a matrix are considered adjacent, i.e., the matrix ``wraps'' so that it represents a horizontal cylinder. Legal steps are illustrated below.
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The weight of a path is the sum of the integers in each of the n cells of the matrix that are visited.
For example, two slightly different matrices are shown below (the only difference is the numbers in the bottom row).
The minimal path is illustrated for each matrix. Note that the path for the matrix on the right takes advantage of the adjacency property of the first and last rows.
The Input
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The input consists of a sequence of matrix specifications. Each matrix specification consists of the row and column dimensions in that order on a line followed by integers where m is the row dimension and n is the column dimension. The integers appear in the input in row major order, i.e., the first n integers constitute the first row of the matrix, the second n integers constitute the second row and so on. The integers on a line will be separated from other integers by one or more spaces. Note: integers are not restricted to being positive. There will be one or more matrix specifications in an input file. Input is terminated by end-of-file.
For each specification the number of rows will be between 1 and 10 inclusive; the number of columns will be between 1 and 100 inclusive. No path's weight will exceed integer values representable using 30 bits.
The Output
Two lines should be output for each matrix specification in the input file, the first line represents a minimal-weight path, and the second line is the cost of a minimal path. The path consists of a sequence of n integers (separated by one or more spaces) representing the rows that constitute the minimal path. If there is more than one path of minimal weight the path that is lexicographically smallest should be output.
Sample Input
5 6 3 4 1 2 8 6 6 1 8 2 7 4 5 9 3 9 9 5 8 4 1 3 2 6 3 7 2 8 6 4 5 6 3 4 1 2 8 6 6 1 8 2 7 4 5 9 3 9 9 5 8 4 1 3 2 6 3 7 2 1 2 3 2 2 9 10 9 10
Sample Output
1 2 3 4 4 5 16 1 2 1 5 4 5 11 1 1 19
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