只要你使用了Struts一段时间,你就会开始注意到你花了很多时间来创建ActionForm 类。尽管这些类对于Struts的MVC结构很重要(因为他们实现了视图部分),但他们通常只是bean属性和 validate 方法(有时也称为reset 方法)的汇集。有了Struts 1.1版本,开发者就有了一组新的选项来创建他们的视图对象,在DynaBeans的基础上创建。DynaBeans是动态配置的Java Beans,这就意味着:他们可从外部配置(通常为XML)的某些种类中获取他们的属性,而不是通过在类中明确定义的方法处获得。 为了说明DynaBeans (和Struts实现,Dynaforms)的工作原理,我们首先讨论一个简单的 Struts Form ,它主要记录姓名、地址、和电话号码。下面就是如何使用ActionForm 来实现它的过程。
article1.CustomerForm
package article1;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionError;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
public class CustomerForm extends ActionForm {
protected boolean nullOrBlank (String str) {
return ((str == null) || (str.length() == 0));
}
public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping,
HttpServletRequest request) {
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
if (nullOrBlank(lastName)) {
errors.add("lastName",
new ActionError("article1.lastName.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank(firstName)) {
errors.add("firstName",
new ActionError("article1.firstName.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank(street)) {
errors.add("street",
new ActionError("article1.street.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank(city)) {
errors.add("city",
new ActionError("article1.city.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank(state)) {
errors.add("state",
new ActionError("article1.state.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank(postalCode)) {
errors.add("postalCode",
new ActionError("article1.postalCode.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank(phone)) {
errors.add("phone",
new ActionError("article1.phone.missing"));
}
return errors;
}
private String lastName;
private String firstName;
private String street;
private String city;
private String state;
private String postalCode;
private String phone;
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
public String getStreet() {
return street;
}
public void setStreet(String street) {
this.street = street;
}
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity(String city) {
this.city = city;
}
public String getState() {
return state;
}
public void setState(String state) {
this.state = state;
}
public String getPostalCode() {
return postalCode;
}
public void setPostalCode(String postalCode) {
this.postalCode = postalCode;
}
public String getPhone() {
return phone;
}
public void setPhone(String phone) {
this.phone = phone;
}
} |
如你所见,这是一个带有有效方法的标准JavaBean,它保证所有的域都正确设置。 与这个bean接口的JSP 页也同样简单:
customer.jsp
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/c.tld" prefix="c" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="fmt" uri="/WEB-INF/fmt.tld" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-tiles.tld" prefix="tiles" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %>
<head>
<title>Example of a standard Customer form</title>
</head>
<h1>Example of a standard Customer form</h1>
<html:form action="/addCustomer">
Last Name: <html:text property="lastName"/>
<html:errors property="lastName" /><br>
First Name: <html:text property="firstName"/>
<html:errors property="firstName" /><br>
Street Addr: <html:text property="street"/>
<html:errors property="street" /><br>
City: <html:text property="city"/>
<html:errors property="city" /><br>
State: <html:text property="state" maxlength="2" size="2" />
<html:errors property="state" /><br>
Postal Code: <html:text property="postalCode" maxlength="5"
size="5" />
<html:errors property="postalCode" /><br>
Telephone: <html:text property="phone" maxlength="11" size="11" />
<html:errors property="phone" /><br>
<html:submit/>
</html:form> |
用于该页的Action只发送值到标准输出(它会将值放在 Catalina 日志文件内):
article1.AddCustomerAction
package article1;
import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import java.io.IOException;
public class AddCustomerAction extends Action {
public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException{
CustomerForm custForm = (CustomerForm) form;
System.out.println("lastName = "
+ custForm.getLastName());
System.out.println("firstName = "
+ custForm.getFirstName());
System.out.println("street = " + custForm.getStreet());
System.out.println("city = " + custForm.getCity());
System.out.println("state = " + custForm.getState());
System.out.println("postalCode = "
+ custForm.getPostalCode());
System.out.println("phone = " + custForm.getPhone());
return mapping.findForward("success");
}
} |
原文地址:http://www.developer.com/java/ejb/article.php/2214681
这就是一起绑定的所有东西,他们总是与Struts一起,放在struts-config.xml 文件内:
<struts-config>
<form-beans>
<form-bean name="customerForm" type="jdj.article1.Customer" />
</form-beans>
<action-mappings>
<action path="/addCustomer" type="article1.AddCustomerAction"
name="customerForm" scope="request"
input="/addCustomer.jsp">
<forward name="success" path="/addCustomerSucceeded.jsp"
redirect="false" />
</action>
</action-mappings>
<message-resources parameter="ApplicationResources" />
<plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn">
<set-property value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml"
property="pathnames" />
struts-config.xml</plug-in></struts-config>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE struts-config PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 1.1//EN"
"http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/dtds/struts-config_1_1.dtd">
<struts-config>
<form-beans>
<form-bean name="customerForm" type="article1.CustomerForm" />
</form-beans>
<action-mappings>
<action path="/addCustomer" type="article1.AddCustomerAction"
name="customerForm" scope="request" input="/customer.jsp">
<forward name="success" path="/addCustomerSucceeded.jsp"
redirect="false" />
</action>
</action-mappings>
<message-resources parameter="ApplicationResources" />
<plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn">
<set-property value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml"
property="pathnames" />
</plug-in>
</struts-config> |
customerForm链接到刚刚定义的CustomerForm 类上, /addCustomer动作也是定义用来使用该表格和使用article1.AddCustomerAction类来处理请求。 当你将表格放在了你的浏览器上,你需要填写下列空白表格:
![](http://tech.ccidnet.com/pub/attachment/2004/2/271077.jpg)
如果你提交了无任何实际内容的表格,就会出现下列内容:
![](http://tech.ccidnet.com/pub/attachment/2004/2/271078.jpg)
当你认真填写了表格并提交后,在你的Web容器日志文件内(在Tomcat 下为catalina.out )就会出现下列内容:
lastName = Bush
firstName = George
street = 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
city = Washington
state = DC
postalCode = 20500
phone = 2024561414 |
至此,这都是人人熟知的Struts。但是,通过使用Struts 1.1的某些新特征,你可以彻底的删除原本需要编写的大量代码。例如: 我们使用Dynaform扩展,就不需要ActionForm类。如果这样的话,我们需要修改struts-config.xml 中的customerForm 的定义,以便使用org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm类(为了这篇指南,我们实际上将创建一个新的类和 JSP页,这样你就能够比较他们两个) 通过使用DynaActionForm,你获得到form-property XML标记的访问,这个标记允许你直接定义struts-config.xml内表格的属性。它看起来如下:
<form-bean name="dynaCustomerForm"
type="org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm">
<form-property name="lastName" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="firstName" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property type="java.lang.String" name="street"/>
<form-property name="city" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="state" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="postalCode" type="java.lang.String"/>
</form-bean> |
这就不需要对JSP页做任何修改;DynaForms的使用对Struts HTML标记库是透明的。你确实需要对Action稍微修改一下,但是,因为你不能够再将传递到execute()方法内的表格直接传递给拥有存取器(用 于你的数据的GET和SET方法)的类中。相反,你需要将表格传递给DynaActionForm,并且需要使用普通的get(fieldname)存取 器。所以Action的新版本看起来如下:
article1.AddDynaCustomerAction
package article1;
import org.apache.struts.action.*;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import java.io.IOException;
public class AddDynaCustomerAction extends Action {
public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException{
DynaActionForm custForm = (DynaActionForm) form;
System.out.println("lastName = " + custForm.get("lastName"));
System.out.println("firstName = " + custForm.get("firstName"));
System.out.println("street = " + custForm.get("street"));
System.out.println("city = " + custForm.get("city"));
System.out.println("state = " + custForm.get("state"));
System.out.println("postalCode = "
+ custForm.get("postalCode"));
System.out.println("phone = " + custForm.get("phone"));
return mapping.findForward("success");
}
} |
如你所见,它完全删除了整个类(ActionForm)。但是,我们丧失了其他的功能:校验表格数据的能力。有两个方法可以重新获得这个功能。一 个方法就是创建一个类,它产生子类DynaActionForm并且实现validate()方法。在我们的范例中,它看起来如下:
article1.DynaCustomerForm
package article1;
import org.apache.struts.action.*;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
public class DynaCustomerForm extends DynaActionForm {
protected boolean nullOrBlank (String str) {
return ((str == null) || (str.length() == 0));
}
public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping,
HttpServletRequest request) {
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("lastName"))) {
errors.add("lastName",
new ActionError("article1.lastName.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("firstName"))) {
errors.add("firstName",
new ActionError("article1.firstName.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("street"))) {
errors.add("street",
new ActionError("article1.street.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("city"))) {
errors.add("city", new ActionError("article1.city.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("state"))) {
errors.add("state",
new ActionError("article1.state.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("postalCode"))) {
errors.add("postalCode",
new ActionError("article1.postalCode.missing"));
}
if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("phone"))) {
errors.add("phone", new ActionError("article1.phone.missing"));
}
return errors;
}
} |
请再次注意:我们需要使用get()存取器,而不是直接访问实际变量。我们也需要修改struts-config.xml 中表格的定义,以便用这个新类来取代一般的DynaActionForm 类。如果这样的话,就会重新获得校验功能。但是,我们得重新为每个表格定义明确的类。在Struts 1.1下进行校验,我推荐的方法是使用Struts Validator 框架,它将在后续文章中进行说明。 在本系列的下一篇文章中,我们将看到DynaForms 的更高级的用途。特别是,我们将教你如何使用编入索引的属性和beans排列来实现复杂的细节繁琐的表格。
关于作者 James Turner 是Benefit Systems有限公司软件开发总监。他对Apache Struts 项目颇有贡献。他已经出版了两本面向WEB的JAVA技术的书:MySQL and JSP Web Applications, 和Struts Kick Start。他的第三本书,Java Server Faces Kick Start,在2003年冬季由Sams出版发行。 原文地址:http://www.developer.com/java/ejb/article.php/2214681