续上一篇 bootsect.s讲解
功能描述
- setup程序的主要作用是利用ROM BIOS中断读取机器系统数据,并将这些数据保存到0x90000开始的位置
- 为什么保存在0x90000开始的位置呢?因为0x90000之前保存的bootsect程序已经执行完毕,可以覆盖掉了
- 将system模块从0x10000-0x8ffff(512KB)整体向下移动到内存绝对地址0x00000处。
- 加载中断描述符表寄存器idtr和全局描述符表寄存器gdtr,开启A20地址线,重新设置两个中断控制芯片8259A,将硬件中断号重新设置为0x20 - 0x2f。
- 最后设置CPU的控制寄存器CR0,从而进入32位保护模式运行,并跳转到位于system模块最前面部分的head.s继续运行。
代码分析
- 首先是数据声明部分
INITSEG = 0x9000 ! we move boot here - out of the way
SYSSEG = 0x1000 ! system loaded at 0x10000 (65536).
SETUPSEG = 0x9020 ! this is the current segment
.globl begtext, begdata, begbss, endtext, enddata, endbss
.text
begtext:
.data
begdata:
.bss
begbss:
.text
- 先读取当前坐标,保存起来以备后续使用
entry start start: ! ok, the read went well so we get current cursor position and save it for ! posterity. mov ax,#INITSEG ! this is done in bootsect already, but... mov ds,ax mov ah,#0x03 ! read cursor pos xor bh,bh int 0x10 ! save it in known place, con_init fetches mov [0],dx ! 返回结果保存在dx寄存器中,然后将结果保存到0x90000处。it from 0x90000.
- 获取从0x10000开始的扩展内存大小(KB)
! Get memory size (extended mem, kB) mov ah,#0x88 int 0x15 mov [2],ax ! 返回值保存在ax中,ax=从0x100000开始的扩展内存大小(KB)
- 获取VGA相关信息,并保存起来
! Get video-card data: mov ah,#0x0f int 0x10 mov [4],bx ! bh = display page ,当前页数 mov [6],ax ! al = video mode 显示模式, ah = window width 字符列数
- 获取硬盘相关的信息,并保存
! Get hd0 data ! 取0号硬盘的参数表,是中断0x41的向量值,一共取0x10个字节 mov ax,#0x0000 mov ds,ax lds si,[4*0x41] mov ax,#INITSEG mov es,ax mov di,#0x0080 mov cx,#0x10 rep movsb ! Get hd1 data ! 取1号硬盘的参数表,是中断0x46的向量值,一共取0x10个字节 mov ax,#0x0000 mov ds,ax lds si,[4*0x46] mov ax,#INITSEG mov es,ax mov di,#0x0090 mov cx,#0x10 rep movsb ! Check that there IS a hd1 :-) mov ax,#0x01500 mov dl,#0x81 int 0x13 jc no_disk1 cmp ah,#3 ! ah==3表示是硬盘 je is_disk1 no_disk1: ! 如果不是硬盘则对hd1硬盘表清0 mov ax,#INITSEG mov es,ax mov di,#0x0090 mov cx,#0x10 mov ax,#0x00 rep stosb ! 该指令的作用:将al赋值给es:di is_disk1:
- 准备进入保护模式了,先将系统起始地址从0x10000移动到0x00000
! now we want to move to protected mode ... ! 进入保护模式的相关工作 cli ! no interrupts allowed ! 关中断 ! first we move the system to it's rightful place mov ax,#0x0000 cld ! 'direction'=0, movs moves forward,清方向标志,表示每次移动si+=1, di+=1 do_move: mov es,ax ! destination segment add ax,#0x1000 ! 每次循环ax+=0x1000,即每次移动一个段=64kb cmp ax,#0x9000 !判断是否移动完毕 jz end_move mov ds,ax ! source segment sub di,di sub si,si mov cx,#0x8000 ! 这里计算一下:0x8000次,由于使用movsw即每次双字节,那么0x8000*2=0x10000=64kb=段大小 rep movsw jmp do_move
- 加载中断描述符表寄存器和全局描述符表寄存器
! then we load the segment descriptors end_move: mov ax,#SETUPSEG ! right, forgot this at first. didn't work :-),回到本程序所在的段 mov ds,ax lidt idt_48 ! load idt with 0,0 将48位中断描述符表寄存器加载到idt_48变量处,在后面定义 lgdt gdt_48 ! load gdt with whatever appropriate,同上
- 打开A20地址线,关于A20地址线:参考博客, A20是一个为了解决80286的一个bug引入的,之后为了实现向下兼容而一直保留。
! that was painless, now we enable A20 call empty_8042 ! 必须等待缓冲区为空 mov al,#0xD1 ! command write,发送禁止键盘操作命令 out #0x64,al call empty_8042 ! 再次等待缓冲区为空 mov al,#0xDF ! A20 on, 将A20打开的命令 out #0x60,al call empty_8042 ! 等待到缓冲区为空,A20就打开了
- 下面设置中断,为了避免与保留的硬件中断发生冲突,所以中断的起始号是0x20。因为IBM并没有这么做,所以我们需要重新对8259芯片编程,下面代码都是操作8259的,笔者没有仔细去研究,对8259感兴趣的读者可以去查一下关于8259的资料
! well, that went ok, I hope. Now we have to reprogram the interrupts :-( ! we put them right after the intel-reserved hardware interrupts, at ! int 0x20-0x2F. There they won't mess up anything. Sadly IBM really ! messed this up with the original PC, and they haven't been able to ! rectify it afterwards. Thus the bios puts interrupts at 0x08-0x0f, ! which is used for the internal hardware interrupts as well. We just ! have to reprogram the 8259's, and it isn't fun. mov al,#0x11 ! initialization sequence out #0x20,al ! send it to 8259A-1 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb ! jmp $+2, jmp $+2, 这里其实是两个指令,用来起延时作用的 out #0xA0,al ! and to 8259A-2 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb mov al,#0x20 ! start of hardware int's (0x20) out #0x21,al .word 0x00eb,0x00eb mov al,#0x28 ! start of hardware int's 2 (0x28) out #0xA1,al .word 0x00eb,0x00eb mov al,#0x04 ! 8259-1 is master out #0x21,al .word 0x00eb,0x00eb mov al,#0x02 ! 8259-2 is slave out #0xA1,al .word 0x00eb,0x00eb mov al,#0x01 ! 8086 mode for both out #0x21,al .word 0x00eb,0x00eb out #0xA1,al .word 0x00eb,0x00eb mov al,#0xFF ! mask off all interrupts for now out #0x21,al .word 0x00eb,0x00eb out #0xA1,al
- 开启保护模式(很简单的操作,3行代码搞定),就是将CR0的PE位置1
! well, that certainly wasn't fun :-(. Hopefully it works, and we don't ! need no steenking BIOS anyway (except for the initial loading :-). ! The BIOS-routine wants lots of unnecessary data, and it's less ! "interesting" anyway. This is how REAL programmers do it. ! ! Well, now's the time to actually move into protected mode. To make ! things as simple as possible, we do no register set-up or anything, ! we let the gnu-compiled 32-bit programs do that. We just jump to ! absolute address 0x00000, in 32-bit protected mode. mov ax,#0x0001 ! protected mode (PE) bit lmsw ax ! This is it! LMSW:Load Machine State Word 加载机器状态字,将PE位置1,开启保护模式 jmpi 0,8 ! jmp offset 0 of segment 8 (cs), 这里是段选择符
解析:
- lmsw:Load Machine State World。其中机器状态字的0位为PE位,为保护模式的标志,所以执行这条指令就能打开保护模式。
- 打开保护模式后,需要跳转到system代码处执行,因为打开了保护模式所以跳转指令也不一样了: jmpi 0, 8。
- 上面的0表示偏移为0,8表示段选择符。其中位0-1表示特权级,这里为系统级特权。位2表示使用全局描述符表。位3-15表示描述符表项的索引值,这里为1,表示使用的是下文代码中的第一个描述符,其基址是0。表示跳转到段基址为0,偏移为0处继续执行。
- 剩余代码
! This routine checks that the keyboard command queue is empty ! No timeout is used - if this hangs there is something wrong with ! the machine, and we probably couldn't proceed anyway. empty_8042: .word 0x00eb,0x00eb ! 两个跳转指令,起到延时的作用 in al,#0x64 ! 8042 status port test al,#2 ! is input buffer full? jnz empty_8042 ! yes - loop ret gdt: .word 0,0,0,0 ! dummy ! 这是一个没用的描述符,但是必须有 ! 第一个描述符 .word 0x07FF ! 8Mb - limit=2047 (2048*4096=8Mb) .word 0x0000 ! base address=0 ! 段基址 .word 0x9A00 ! code read/exec ! 代码段 .word 0x00C0 ! granularity=4096, 386 ! 第二个描述符 .word 0x07FF ! 8Mb - limit=2047 (2048*4096=8Mb) .word 0x0000 ! base address=0 ! 段基址 .word 0x9200 ! data read/write ! 数据段 .word 0x00C0 ! granularity=4096, 386 idt_48: .word 0 ! idt limit=0 .word 0,0 ! idt base=0L gdt_48: .word 0x800 ! gdt limit=2048, 256 GDT entries .word 512+gdt,0x9 ! gdt base = 0X9xxxx .text endtext: .data enddata: .bss endbss:
上面涉及描述符表的,看这张图:
涉及到的额外的知识:- BIOS int 0x10
- 硬盘基本参数(int 0x41)
- A20地址问题
- 8259中断控制芯片
- Intel CPU 32位保护运行模式,包括段选择符,段描述符,页表寻址机制等。