线程池负责管理工作线程,包含一个等待执行的任务队列。线程池的任务队列是一个Runnable集合,工作线程负责从任务队列中取出并执行Runnable对象。
java.util.concurrent.executors 提供了 java.util.concurrent.executor 接口的一个Java实现,可以创建线程池。下面是一个简单示例:
首先创建一个Runable 类:
WorkerThread.java
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package
com.journaldev.threadpool;
public
class
WorkerThread
implements
Runnable {
private
String command;
public
WorkerThread(String s){
this
.command=s;
}
@Override
public
void
run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+
" Start. Command = "
+command);
processCommand();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+
" End."
);
}
private
void
processCommand() {
try
{
Thread.sleep(
5000
);
}
catch
(InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public
String toString(){
return
this
.command;
}
}
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下面是一个测试程序,从 Executors 框架中创建固定大小的线程池:
SimpleThreadPool.java
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package
com.journaldev.threadpool;
import
java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import
java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public
class
SimpleThreadPool {
public
static
void
main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(
5
);
for
(
int
i =
0
; i <
10
; i++) {
Runnable worker =
new
WorkerThread(
""
+ i);
executor.execute(worker);
}
executor.shutdown();
while
(!executor.isTerminated()) {
}
System.out.println(
"Finished all threads"
);
}
}
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在上面的程序中,我们创建了包含5个工作线程的固定大小线程池。然后,我们向线程池提交10个任务。由于线程池的大小是5,因此首先会启动5个工作线程,其他任务将进行等待。一旦有任务结束,工作线程会从等待队列中挑选下一个任务并开始执行。
以上程序的输出结果如下:
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pool-
1
-thread-
2
Start. Command =
1
pool-
1
-thread-
4
Start. Command =
3
pool-
1
-thread-
1
Start. Command =
0
pool-
1
-thread-
3
Start. Command =
2
pool-
1
-thread-
5
Start. Command =
4
pool-
1
-thread-
4
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
5
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
1
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
3
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
3
Start. Command =
8
pool-
1
-thread-
2
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
2
Start. Command =
9
pool-
1
-thread-
1
Start. Command =
7
pool-
1
-thread-
5
Start. Command =
6
pool-
1
-thread-
4
Start. Command =
5
pool-
1
-thread-
2
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
4
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
3
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
5
End.
pool-
1
-thread-
1
End.
Finished all threads
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从输出结果看,线程池中有五个名为“pool-1-thread-1”…“pool-1-thread-5”的工作线程负责执行提交的任务。
Executors类使用 ExecutorService 提供了一个 ThreadPoolExecutor 的简单实现,但 ThreadPoolExecutor 提供的功能远不止这些。我们可以指定创建 ThreadPoolExecutor 实例时活跃的线程数,并且可以限制线程池的大小,还可以创建自己的 RejectedExecutionHandler 实现来处理不适合放在工作队列里的任务。
下面是一个 RejectedExecutionHandler 接口的自定义实现:
RejectedExecutionHandlerImpl.java
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package
com.journaldev.threadpool;
import
java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionHandler;
import
java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
public
class
RejectedExecutionHandlerImpl
implements
RejectedExecutionHandler {
@Override
public
void
rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
System.out.println(r.toString() +
" is rejected"
);
}
}
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ThreadPoolExecutor 提供了一些方法,可以查看执行状态、线程池大小、活动线程数和任务数。所以,我通过一个监视线程在固定间隔输出执行信息。
MyMonitorThread.java
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package
com.journaldev.threadpool;
import
java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
public
class
MyMonitorThread
implements
Runnable
{
private
ThreadPoolExecutor executor;
private
int
seconds;
private
boolean
run=
true
;
public
MyMonitorThread(ThreadPoolExecutor executor,
int
delay)
{
this
.executor = executor;
this
.seconds=delay;
}
public
void
shutdown(){
this
.run=
false
;
}
@Override
public
void
run()
{
while
(run){
System.out.println(
String.format(
"[monitor] [%d/%d] Active: %d, Completed: %d, Task: %d, isShutdown: %s, isTerminated: %s"
,
this
.executor.getPoolSize(),
this
.executor.getCorePoolSize(),
this
.executor.getActiveCount(),
this
.executor.getCompletedTaskCount(),
this
.executor.getTaskCount(),
this
.executor.isShutdown(),
this
.executor.isTerminated()));
try
{
Thread.sleep(seconds*
1000
);
}
catch
(InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
|
下面是使用 ThreadPoolExecutor 的线程池实现示例:
WorkerPool.java
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package
com.journaldev.threadpool;
import
java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
import
java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import
java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
import
java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
import
java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public
class
WorkerPool {
public
static
void
main(String args[])
throws
InterruptedException{
//RejectedExecutionHandler implementation
RejectedExecutionHandlerImpl rejectionHandler =
new
RejectedExecutionHandlerImpl();
//Get the ThreadFactory implementation to use
ThreadFactory threadFactory = Executors.defaultThreadFactory();
//creating the ThreadPoolExecutor
ThreadPoolExecutor executorPool =
new
ThreadPoolExecutor(
2 , 4
,
10
, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>( 2
), threadFactory, rejectionHandler);
//start the monitoring thread
MyMonitorThread monitor =
new
MyMonitorThread(executorPool,
3
);
Thread monitorThread =
new
Thread(monitor);
monitorThread.start();
//submit work to the thread pool
for
(
int
i=
0
; i<
10
; i++){
executorPool.execute(
new
WorkerThread(
"cmd"
+i));
}
Thread.sleep(
30000
);
//shut down the pool
executorPool.shutdown();
//shut down the monitor thread
Thread.sleep(
5000
);
monitor.shutdown();
}
}
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请注意:在初始化 ThreadPoolExecutor时,初始线程池大小设为2、最大值设为4、工作队列大小设为2。所以,如果当前有4个任务正在运行而此时又有新任务提交,工作队列将只存储2个任务和其他任务将交由RejectedExecutionHandlerImpl 处理。
程序执行的结果如下,确认了上面的结论:
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pool-1-thread-1 Start. Command = cmd0
pool-1-thread-4 Start. Command = cmd5
cmd6 is rejected
pool-1-thread-3 Start. Command = cmd4
pool-1-thread-2 Start. Command = cmd1
cmd7 is rejected
cmd8 is rejected
cmd9 is rejected
[monitor] [0
/2
] Active: 4, Completed: 0, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [4
/2
] Active: 4, Completed: 0, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
pool-1-thread-4 End.
pool-1-thread-1 End.
pool-1-thread-2 End.
pool-1-thread-3 End.
pool-1-thread-1 Start. Command = cmd3
pool-1-thread-4 Start. Command = cmd2
[monitor] [4
/2
] Active: 2, Completed: 4, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [4
/2
] Active: 2, Completed: 4, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
pool-1-thread-1 End.
pool-1-thread-4 End.
[monitor] [4
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [2
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [2
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [2
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [2
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [2
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
false
, isTerminated:
false
[monitor] [0
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
true
, isTerminated:
true
[monitor] [0
/2
] Active: 0, Completed: 6, Task: 6, isShutdown:
true
, isTerminated:
true
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请注意活跃线程、已完成线程和任务完成总数的变化。我们可以调用 shutdown() 结束所有已提交任务并终止线程池。
如果希望延迟执行或定期运行任务,那么可以使用 ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor 类。