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最近在学习RNN和LSTM,
(1): http://magicly.me/2017/03/09/iamtrask-anyone-can-code-lstm/
(2): https://zybuluo.com/hanbingtao/note/581764
(3): http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a5fdbf010102w7y8.html
在资料1中给出了RNN的python代码,广为流传,并且被(3)翻译成了matlab代码。网址(2)是个很好的理论推导的网站,强烈推荐。想学习的可以缘木求鱼,根据上述资料进行学习。
但是在(1)中提及到的python源码作者说过段时间在twitter上更新LSTM代码,目前还未更新;(3)的作者想根据RNN写LSTM,但是发现并未运行成功,于是我在(2)的基础上对其进行修改,并运行成功,下面是指出作者(2)中的错误:
1:作者在求H_t_diff时有问题,不应该乘以那么导数,因为从后面传过来的误差是输出层(不是输出门)的误差乘以权值矩阵就可以了。
2:求各个门的误差都不用成乘激活函数
3:各个门中均未加偏置
如果你运行成功,还望点个赞。哈哈!
以上错误可以根据我下面给出的源码和(3)中的源码进行比较。
下面是我修改后的源代码:
- %接下来就是LSTM的Matlab代码,我也进行了注释,用英文注释的,也比较容易懂:
- % implementation of LSTM
- clc
- % clear
- close all
- %% training dataset generation
- binary_dim = 8;
- largest_number = 2^binary_dim - 1;
- binary = cell(largest_number, 1);
- for i = 1:largest_number + 1
- binary{i} = dec2bin(i-1, binary_dim);
- int2binary{i} = binary{i};
- end
- %% input variables
- alpha = 0.1;
- input_dim = 2;
- hidden_dim = 32;
- output_dim = 1;
- allErr = [];
- %% initialize neural network weights
- % in_gate = sigmoid(X(t) * X_i + H(t-1) * H_i) ------- (1)
- X_i = 2 * rand(input_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- H_i = 2 * rand(hidden_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- X_i_update = zeros(size(X_i));
- H_i_update = zeros(size(H_i));
- bi = 2*rand(1,1) - 1;
- bi_update = 0;
- % forget_gate = sigmoid(X(t) * X_f + H(t-1) * H_f) ------- (2)
- X_f = 2 * rand(input_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- H_f = 2 * rand(hidden_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- X_f_update = zeros(size(X_f));
- H_f_update = zeros(size(H_f));
- bf = 2*rand(1,1) - 1;
- bf_update = 0;
- % out_gate = sigmoid(X(t) * X_o + H(t-1) * H_o) ------- (3)
- X_o = 2 * rand(input_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- H_o = 2 * rand(hidden_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- X_o_update = zeros(size(X_o));
- H_o_update = zeros(size(H_o));
- bo = 2*rand(1,1) - 1;
- bo_update = 0;
- % g_gate = tanh(X(t) * X_g + H(t-1) * H_g) ------- (4)
- X_g = 2 * rand(input_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- H_g = 2 * rand(hidden_dim, hidden_dim) - 1;
- X_g_update = zeros(size(X_g));
- H_g_update = zeros(size(H_g));
- bg = 2*rand(1,1) - 1;
- bg_update = 0;
- out_para = 2 * rand(hidden_dim, output_dim) - 1;
- out_para_update = zeros(size(out_para));
- % C(t) = C(t-1) .* forget_gate + g_gate .* in_gate ------- (5)
- % S(t) = tanh(C(t)) .* out_gate ------- (6)
- % Out = sigmoid(S(t) * out_para) ------- (7)
- % Note: Equations (1)-(6) are cores of LSTM in forward, and equation (7) is
- % used to transfer hiddent layer to predicted output, i.e., the output layer.
- % (Sometimes you can use softmax for equation (7))
- %% train
- iter = 99999; % training iterations
- for j = 1:iter
- % generate a simple addition problem (a + b = c)
- a_int = randi(round(largest_number/2)); % int version
- a = int2binary{a_int+1}; % binary encoding
- b_int = randi(floor(largest_number/2)); % int version
- b = int2binary{b_int+1}; % binary encoding
- % true answer
- c_int = a_int + b_int; % int version
- c = int2binary{c_int+1}; % binary encoding
- % where we'll store our best guess (binary encoded)
- d = zeros(size(c));
- if length(d)<8
- pause;
- end
- % total error
- overallError = 0;
- % difference in output layer, i.e., (target - out)
- output_deltas = [];
- % values of hidden layer, i.e., S(t)
- hidden_layer_values = [];
- cell_gate_values = [];
- % initialize S(0) as a zero-vector
- hidden_layer_values = [hidden_layer_values; zeros(1, hidden_dim)];
- cell_gate_values = [cell_gate_values; zeros(1, hidden_dim)];
- % initialize memory gate
- % hidden layer
- H = [];
- H = [H; zeros(1, hidden_dim)];
- % cell gate
- C = [];
- C = [C; zeros(1, hidden_dim)];
- % in gate
- I = [];
- % forget gate
- F = [];
- % out gate
- O = [];
- % g gate
- G = [];
- % start to process a sequence, i.e., a forward pass
- % Note: the output of a LSTM cell is the hidden_layer, and you need to
- % transfer it to predicted output
- for position = 0:binary_dim-1
- % X ------> input, size: 1 x input_dim
- X = [a(binary_dim - position)-'0' b(binary_dim - position)-'0'];
- % y ------> label, size: 1 x output_dim
- y = [c(binary_dim - position)-'0']';
- % use equations (1)-(7) in a forward pass. here we do not use bias
- in_gate = sigmoid(X * X_i + H(end, :) * H_i + bi); % equation (1)
- forget_gate = sigmoid(X * X_f + H(end, :) * H_f + bf); % equation (2)
- out_gate = sigmoid(X * X_o + H(end, :) * H_o + bo); % equation (3)
- g_gate = tan_h(X * X_g + H(end, :) * H_g + bg); % equation (4)
- C_t = C(end, :) .* forget_gate + g_gate .* in_gate; % equation (5)
- H_t = tan_h(C_t) .* out_gate; % equation (6)
- % store these memory gates
- I = [I; in_gate];
- F = [F; forget_gate];
- O = [O; out_gate];
- G = [G; g_gate];
- C = [C; C_t];
- H = [H; H_t];
- % compute predict output
- pred_out = sigmoid(H_t * out_para);
- % compute error in output layer
- output_error = y - pred_out;
- % compute difference in output layer using derivative
- % output_diff = output_error * sigmoid_output_to_derivative(pred_out);
- output_deltas = [output_deltas; output_error];%*sigmoid_output_to_derivative(pred_out)];
- % output_deltas = [output_deltas; output_error*(pred_out)];
- % compute total error
- % note that if the size of pred_out or target is 1 x n or m x n,
- % you should use other approach to compute error. here the dimension
- % of pred_out is 1 x 1
- overallError = overallError + abs(output_error(1));
- % decode estimate so we can print it out
- d(binary_dim - position) = round(pred_out);
- end
- % from the last LSTM cell, you need a initial hidden layer difference
- future_H_diff = zeros(1, hidden_dim);
- % stare back-propagation, i.e., a backward pass
- % the goal is to compute differences and use them to update weights
- % start from the last LSTM cell
- for position = 0:binary_dim-1
- X = [a(position+1)-'0' b(position+1)-'0'];
- % hidden layer
- H_t = H(end-position, :); % H(t)
- % previous hidden layer
- H_t_1 = H(end-position-1, :); % H(t-1)
- C_t = C(end-position, :); % C(t)
- C_t_1 = C(end-position-1, :); % C(t-1)
- O_t = O(end-position, :);
- F_t = F(end-position, :);
- G_t = G(end-position, :);
- I_t = I(end-position, :);
- % output layer difference
- output_diff = output_deltas(end-position, :);
- % hidden layer difference
- % note that here we consider one hidden layer is input to both
- % output layer and next LSTM cell. Thus its difference also comes
- % from two sources. In some other method, only one source is taken
- % into consideration.
- % use the equation: delta(l) = (delta(l+1) * W(l+1)) .* f'(z) to
- % compute difference in previous layers. look for more about the
- % proof at http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap2.html
- % H_t_diff = (future_H_diff * (H_i' + H_o' + H_f' + H_g') + output_diff * out_para') ...
- % .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(H_t);
- H_t_diff = output_diff * (out_para');% .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(H_t);
- % H_t_diff = output_diff * (out_para') .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(H_t);
- % future_H_diff = H_t_diff;
- % out_para_diff = output_diff * (H_t) * sigmoid_output_to_derivative(out_para);
- out_para_diff = (H_t') * output_diff;%输出层权重
- % out_gate diference
- O_t_diff = H_t_diff .* tan_h(C_t) .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(O_t);
- % C_t difference
- C_t_diff = H_t_diff .* O_t .* tan_h_output_to_derivative(C_t);
- % % C(t-1) difference
- % C_t_1_diff = C_t_diff .* F_t;
- % forget_gate_diffeence
- F_t_diff = C_t_diff .* C_t_1 .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(F_t);
- % in_gate difference
- I_t_diff = C_t_diff .* G_t .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(I_t);
- % g_gate difference
- G_t_diff = C_t_diff .* I_t .* tan_h_output_to_derivative(G_t);
- % differences of X_i and H_i
- X_i_diff = X' * I_t_diff;% .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(X_i);
- H_i_diff = (H_t_1)' * I_t_diff;% .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(H_i);
- % differences of X_o and H_o
- X_o_diff = X' * O_t_diff;% .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(X_o);
- H_o_diff = (H_t_1)' * O_t_diff;% .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(H_o);
- % differences of X_o and H_o
- X_f_diff = X' * F_t_diff;% .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(X_f);
- H_f_diff = (H_t_1)' * F_t_diff;% .* sigmoid_output_to_derivative(H_f);
- % differences of X_o and H_o
- X_g_diff = X' * G_t_diff;% .* tan_h_output_to_derivative(X_g);
- H_g_diff = (H_t_1)' * G_t_diff;% .* tan_h_output_to_derivative(H_g);
- % update
- X_i_update = X_i_update + X_i_diff;
- H_i_update = H_i_update + H_i_diff;
- X_o_update = X_o_update + X_o_diff;
- H_o_update = H_o_update + H_o_diff;
- X_f_update = X_f_update + X_f_diff;
- H_f_update = H_f_update + H_f_diff;
- X_g_update = X_g_update + X_g_diff;
- H_g_update = H_g_update + H_g_diff;
- bi_update = bi_update + I_t_diff;
- bo_update = bo_update + O_t_diff;
- bf_update = bf_update + F_t_diff;
- bg_update = bg_update + G_t_diff;
- out_para_update = out_para_update + out_para_diff;
- end
- X_i = X_i + X_i_update * alpha;
- H_i = H_i + H_i_update * alpha;
- X_o = X_o + X_o_update * alpha;
- H_o = H_o + H_o_update * alpha;
- X_f = X_f + X_f_update * alpha;
- H_f = H_f + H_f_update * alpha;
- X_g = X_g + X_g_update * alpha;
- H_g = H_g + H_g_update * alpha;
- bi = bi + bi_update * alpha;
- bo = bo + bo_update * alpha;
- bf = bf + bf_update * alpha;
- bg = bg + bg_update * alpha;
- out_para = out_para + out_para_update * alpha;
- X_i_update = X_i_update * 0;
- H_i_update = H_i_update * 0;
- X_o_update = X_o_update * 0;
- H_o_update = H_o_update * 0;
- X_f_update = X_f_update * 0;
- H_f_update = H_f_update * 0;
- X_g_update = X_g_update * 0;
- H_g_update = H_g_update * 0;
- bi_update = 0;
- bf_update = 0;
- bo_update = 0;
- bg_update = 0;
- out_para_update = out_para_update * 0;
- if(mod(j,1000) == 0)
- if 1%overallError > 1
- err = sprintf('Error:%s\n', num2str(overallError)); fprintf(err);
- end
- allErr = [allErr overallError];
- % try
- d = bin2dec(num2str(d));
- % catch
- % disp(d);
- % end
- if 1%overallError>1
- pred = sprintf('Pred:%s\n',dec2bin(d,8)); fprintf(pred);
- Tru = sprintf('True:%s\n', num2str(c)); fprintf(Tru);
- end
- out = 0;
- tmp = dec2bin(d,8);
- for i = 1:8
- out = out + str2double(tmp(8-i+1)) * power(2,i-1);
- end
- if 1%overallError>1
- fprintf('%d + %d = %d\n',a_int,b_int,out);
- sep = sprintf('-------%d------\n', j); fprintf(sep);
- end
- end
- end
- figure;plot(allErr);
- function output = sigmoid(x)
- output = 1./(1+exp(-x));
- end
- function y = sigmoid_output_to_derivative(output)
- y = output.*(1-output);
- end
- function y = tan_h_output_to_derivative(x)
- y = (1-x.^2);
- end
- function y=tan_h(x)
- y=(exp(x)-exp(-x))./(exp(x)+exp(-x));
- end