linux音频子系统 - pcm设备

#1.pcm设备

脉冲编码调制(Pulse Code Modulation,PCM)，就是把一个时间连续，取值连续的模拟信号变换成时间离散，取值离散的数字信号后在信道中传输，这是基本原理。

根据此原理，在音频领域的数字音频就用pcm设备来代表，pcm也是一种音频格式，可以自定义通道数，采样率，采样精度；我们经常采用的I2S格式其实属于pcm的一种，不过I2S规定了只有2通道。

音频的采样率(rate)一般采用44.1K，16K，48K等,采样精度(format)一般都是8/16/24/32bit

在ALSA框架中，pcm就是控制音频流的，区别于control

#2.PCM设备结构体

这部分重要的结构体主要有：

• struct snd_pcm
• struct snd_pcm_str
• struct snd_pcm_substream

这三者的关系可以用下图来表示：

一个音频设备分播放和录音两个功能，对应到pcm就分PLAYBACK和CAPTURE，分别用结构体snd_pcm_str来表示，一个播放或者录音设备可以集成多个音频流，每个音频流用snd_pcm_substream结构体来表示

这三个结构体的逻辑链接关系如下图：

#3.pcm设备注册

pcm设备注册函数为：

int snd_pcm_new(struct snd_card *card, const char *id, int device,
		int playback_count, int capture_count, struct snd_pcm **rpcm)
{
	return _snd_pcm_new(card, id, device, playback_count, capture_count,
			false, rpcm);
}

首先调用_snd_pcm_new来把pcm设备加入到card中，然后card在注册的时候调用pcm的注册函数，把pcm注册到系统中

##3.1 创建pcm设备，加入到card中

(sound/core/pcm.c)

static int _snd_pcm_new(struct snd_card *card, const char *id, int device,
		int playback_count, int capture_count, bool internal,
		struct snd_pcm **rpcm)
{
	struct snd_pcm *pcm;
	int err;
	static struct snd_device_ops ops = {
		.dev_free = snd_pcm_dev_free,
		.dev_register =	snd_pcm_dev_register,--------------pcm注册函数（card注册时调用）
		.dev_disconnect = snd_pcm_dev_disconnect,
	};

	if (snd_BUG_ON(!card))
		return -ENXIO;
	if (rpcm)
		*rpcm = NULL;
	pcm = kzalloc(sizeof(*pcm), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (pcm == NULL) {
		snd_printk(KERN_ERR "Cannot allocate PCM\n");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	pcm->card = card;
	pcm->device = device;
	pcm->internal = internal;
	if (id)
		strlcpy(pcm->id, id, sizeof(pcm->id));
	# snd_pcm_new_stream主要是初始化snd_pcm_substream结构体
	if ((err = snd_pcm_new_stream(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, playback_count)) < 0) {
		snd_pcm_free(pcm);
		return err;
	}
	if ((err = snd_pcm_new_stream(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, capture_count)) < 0) {
		snd_pcm_free(pcm);
		return err;
	}
	mutex_init(&pcm->open_mutex);
	init_waitqueue_head(&pcm->open_wait);
	if ((err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_PCM, pcm, &ops)) < 0) {-----将pcm设备加入到card的devices链表中
		snd_pcm_free(pcm);
		return err;
	}
	if (rpcm)
		*rpcm = pcm;
	return 0;
}

##3.2 进行pcm设备的注册

(sound/core/pcm.c)

static int snd_pcm_dev_register(struct snd_device *device)
{
	int cidx, err;
	struct snd_pcm_substream *substream;
	struct snd_pcm_notify *notify;
	char str[16];
	struct snd_pcm *pcm;
	struct device *dev;

	if (snd_BUG_ON(!device || !device->device_data))
		return -ENXIO;
	pcm = device->device_data;
	mutex_lock(&register_mutex);
	err = snd_pcm_add(pcm);
	if (err) {
		mutex_unlock(&register_mutex);
		return err;
	}
	for (cidx = 0; cidx < 2; cidx++) {
		int devtype = -1;
		if (pcm->streams[cidx].substream == NULL || pcm->internal)
			continue;
		switch (cidx) {
		case SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK:-------------为device命名
			sprintf(str, "pcmC%iD%ip", pcm->card->number, pcm->device);
			devtype = SNDRV_DEVICE_TYPE_PCM_PLAYBACK;
			break;
		case SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE:
			sprintf(str, "pcmC%iD%ic", pcm->card->number, pcm->device);
			devtype = SNDRV_DEVICE_TYPE_PCM_CAPTURE;
			break;
		}
		/* device pointer to use, pcm->dev takes precedence if
		 * it is assigned, otherwise fall back to card's device
		 * if possible */
		dev = pcm->dev;
		if (!dev)
			dev = snd_card_get_device_link(pcm->card);
		/* register pcm */
		err = snd_register_device_for_dev(devtype, pcm->card,
						  pcm->device,
						  &snd_pcm_f_ops[cidx],-----pcm设备文件操作函数
						  pcm, str, dev);
		if (err < 0) {
			list_del(&pcm->list);
			mutex_unlock(&register_mutex);
			return err;
		}
		snd_add_device_sysfs_file(devtype, pcm->card, pcm->device,
					  &pcm_attrs);-------pcm设备注册
		for (substream = pcm->streams[cidx].substream; substream; substream = substream->next)
			snd_pcm_timer_init(substream);
	}

	list_for_each_entry(notify, &snd_pcm_notify_list, list)
		notify->n_register(pcm);

	mutex_unlock(&register_mutex);
	return 0;
}

#4.pcm文件操作ops

pcm这块比较难的一点就是这些操作函数了，各种ioctl设置的参数需要对音频技术这块有深入了解，本文就不介绍了，因为core层的东西对于驱动开发来说很少改动（或者基本不改动），遇到问题再解决吧

(sound/core/pcm_native.c)

const struct file_operations snd_pcm_f_ops[2] = {
	{
		.owner =		THIS_MODULE,
		.write =		snd_pcm_write,
		.aio_write =		snd_pcm_aio_write,
		.open =			snd_pcm_playback_open,
		.release =		snd_pcm_release,
		.llseek =		no_llseek,
		.poll =			snd_pcm_playback_poll,
		.unlocked_ioctl =	snd_pcm_playback_ioctl,
		.compat_ioctl = 	snd_pcm_ioctl_compat,
		.mmap =			snd_pcm_mmap,
		.fasync =		snd_pcm_fasync,
		.get_unmapped_area =	snd_pcm_get_unmapped_area,
	},
	{
		.owner =		THIS_MODULE,
		.read =			snd_pcm_read,
		.aio_read =		snd_pcm_aio_read,
		.open =			snd_pcm_capture_open,
		.release =		snd_pcm_release,
		.llseek =		no_llseek,
		.poll =			snd_pcm_capture_poll,
		.unlocked_ioctl =	snd_pcm_capture_ioctl,
		.compat_ioctl = 	snd_pcm_ioctl_compat,
		.mmap =			snd_pcm_mmap,
		.fasync =		snd_pcm_fasync,
		.get_unmapped_area =	snd_pcm_get_unmapped_area,
	}
};

4.1 open函数

snd_pcm_capture_open和snd_pcm_playback_open函数最后都会调用snd_pcm_open，这里不详细介绍open的过程了，只介绍下这边引出来的另一个结构体：snd_pcm_runtime

这个结构体只是在运行的时候会动态创建，具体可以参考函数snd_pcm_attach_substream
此结构体主要是设置各种参数，保存运行时的状态等

struct snd_pcm_runtime {
	/* -- Status -- */
	struct snd_pcm_substream *trigger_master;
	struct timespec trigger_tstamp;	/* trigger timestamp */
	int overrange;
	snd_pcm_uframes_t avail_max;
	snd_pcm_uframes_t hw_ptr_base;	/* Position at buffer restart */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t hw_ptr_interrupt; /* Position at interrupt time */
	unsigned long hw_ptr_jiffies;	/* Time when hw_ptr is updated */
	unsigned long hw_ptr_buffer_jiffies; /* buffer time in jiffies */
	snd_pcm_sframes_t delay;	/* extra delay; typically FIFO size */
	u64 hw_ptr_wrap;                /* offset for hw_ptr due to boundary wrap-around */

	/* -- HW params -- */
	snd_pcm_access_t access;	/* access mode */
	snd_pcm_format_t format;	/* SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_* */
	snd_pcm_subformat_t subformat;	/* subformat */
	unsigned int rate;		/* rate in Hz */
	unsigned int channels;		/* channels */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t period_size;	/* period size */
	unsigned int periods;		/* periods */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t buffer_size;	/* buffer size */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t min_align;	/* Min alignment for the format */
	size_t byte_align;
	unsigned int frame_bits;
	unsigned int sample_bits;
	unsigned int info;
	unsigned int rate_num;
	unsigned int rate_den;
	unsigned int no_period_wakeup: 1;

	/* -- SW params -- */
	int tstamp_mode;		/* mmap timestamp is updated */
  	unsigned int period_step;
	snd_pcm_uframes_t start_threshold;
	snd_pcm_uframes_t stop_threshold;
	snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_threshold; /* Silence filling happens when
						noise is nearest than this */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_size;	/* Silence filling size */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t boundary;	/* pointers wrap point */

	snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_start; /* starting pointer to silence area */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_filled; /* size filled with silence */

	union snd_pcm_sync_id sync;	/* hardware synchronization ID */

	/* -- mmap -- */
	struct snd_pcm_mmap_status *status;
	struct snd_pcm_mmap_control *control;

	/* -- locking / scheduling -- */
	snd_pcm_uframes_t twake; 	/* do transfer (!poll) wakeup if non-zero */
	wait_queue_head_t sleep;	/* poll sleep */
	wait_queue_head_t tsleep;	/* transfer sleep */
	struct fasync_struct *fasync;

	/* -- private section -- */
	void *private_data;
	void (*private_free)(struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime);

	/* -- hardware description -- */
	struct snd_pcm_hardware hw;
	struct snd_pcm_hw_constraints hw_constraints;

	/* -- interrupt callbacks -- */
	void (*transfer_ack_begin)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream);
	void (*transfer_ack_end)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream);

	/* -- timer -- */
	unsigned int timer_resolution;	/* timer resolution */
	int tstamp_type;		/* timestamp type */

	/* -- DMA -- */           
	unsigned char *dma_area;	/* DMA area */
	dma_addr_t dma_addr;		/* physical bus address (not accessible from main CPU) */
	size_t dma_bytes;		/* size of DMA area */

	struct snd_dma_buffer *dma_buffer_p;	/* allocated buffer */

#if defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS_MODULE)
	/* -- OSS things -- */
	struct snd_pcm_oss_runtime oss;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_SND_PCM_XRUN_DEBUG
	struct snd_pcm_hwptr_log *hwptr_log;
#endif
};

#5.change log

date	content	linux
2017.12.8	origin	linux3.10